ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to identify and describe the morphological aspects of the pyrene and the different stages of developing embryos of Ilex paraguariensis. The pyrenes were collected in the year 2016 and 2017, of ripe fruits. The pyrenes, a total of 400 per site and year of collection, remained for 24 h immersed in water for the section and internal observation. The pyrenes, with the visualized embryo, were used for the anatomical description and fixed for the histological evaluation. They were fixed in paraformaldehyde solution and included in Leica™ historesin. The samples were sectioned in Leica microtome with a thickness of 7 μm, and the sections were stained with Toluidine Blue. The pyrenes are formed by endocarp, integument, endosperm, and embryo. The embryos were classified in the globular, heart (occupying approximately 10% of the length of the seed), post heart (15% of length), torpedo (20% of length), and mature (40% of length) stages; and were located below the micropyle, aligned to the external point. The region surrounding the embryo, called the cavity, consists of a lignified layer.

ABSTRACT Clinical similarities among viral diseases become even more relevant considering the current scenario, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of these diseases and overlapping seasonality. We report the case of a patient with acute clinical manifestations composed of predominant respiratory symptoms and alveolar hemorrhage in which three etiologies (dengue, influenza and COVID-19) were investigated concomitantly. Only the diagnosis of dengue was confirmed. Then, the patient’s immunological profile in response to stimulation of mononuclear cells with dengue virus antigen was analyzed in an attempt to identify specific characteristics that could be associated with the clinical manifestation.

Resumo Pirênios de Ilex parguariensis, popularmente conhecida como erva-mate, foram classificados como dormentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as causas da dormência dos pirênios de Ilex paraguariensis. Para isso, foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) Dormência física: taxa de absorção em água e em azul de metileno; detecção de lignina e compostos lipofílicos no endocarpo e tegumento; b) Dormência fisiológica: bioensaios em sementes de alface, detecção e quantificação de compostos fenólicos; c) Dormência morfológica: análise embrionária. Para a taxa de absorção, observou-se um aumento na massa dos pirênios, porém, quando a embebição foi realizada em azul de metileno, a absorção ocorreu apenas no endocarpo. A lignina também foi observada na forma de uma camada de esclerênquima próxima ao tegumento da semente. Semelhantemente compostos lipofílicos foram observados em uma camada externa ao endosperma. Os bioensaios com sementes de alface indicaram a presença de inibidores químicos. Na avaliação morfológica dos pirênios, apenas 55,5% dos embriões foram visualizados e estavam nos estágios globular ou coração. Pirênios de Ilex paraguariensis possuem dormência combinada: física (não há absorção de água), morfológica (devido ao subdesenvolvimento do embrião) e há evidências de dormência fisiológica (presença de inibidores); Contudo, recomenda-se investigar os agentes inibidores.

Abstract Ilex parguariensis pyrenes, popularly known as “yerba mate”, were classified as dormant. This study aim to investigated the causes of dormancy in Ilex paraguariensis’ pyrenes. Hence, the following tests were performed: a) Physical dormancy: rate of absorption in water and methylene blue; detection of lignin and lipophilic compounds in the endocarp and integument; b) Physiological dormancy: bioassays in lettuce seeds, detection, and quantification of phenolic compounds; c) Morphological dormancy: embryo analysis. For the absorption rate, an increase was observed in the mass of the pyrenes, however, when imbibition was performed in methylene blue, absorption only occurred in the endocarp. Lignin was also observed in the form of a sclerenchyma layer next to the seed coat. Similarly, lipophilic compounds were observed in a layer, external to the endosperm. The bioassays with lettuce seeds indicated the presence of chemical inhibitors. In the morphological evaluation of the pyrenes, only 55.5% of the embryos were visualized and they were in the globular or heart stages. Ilex paraguariensis pyrenes have combined dormancy: physical (not water absorption), morphological (due to the underdeveloped embryo), and there are shreds of evidence about physiological dormancy (presence of inhibitors); however, it is recommended to investigate the inhibitory agent.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of pediatric dermatoses of patients evaluated at a dermatologic clinic of a reference center in Brazil and to compare these results to similar surveys conducted in other countries. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients up to 18 years old, evaluated at a dermatologic clinic between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017. Variables collected for analysis included age, gender, dermatological diagnosis, multidisciplinary follow-up, hospitalization, and complementary exams. Results: A total of 2330 patients were included for analysis, with a mean age of 9.7 years. 295 patients were diagnosed with more than one skin disease, leading to a total of 2668 diagnoses. Skin diseases were organized into categories and inflammatory dermatoses corresponded to the largest group (31.2%), mostly due to atopic dermatitis (18.3%). The other main categories were: genodermatoses (14.2%), infectious diseases (12.6%), adnexal disorders (12.5%), cysts and neoplasms (10.7%), and vascular disorders (7.0%). Fifty-six patients needed to be admitted to the dermatology ward; 25 of them (44.6%) for management of worsening of the skin disease, mainly atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and drug reactions. There were 885 biopsies performed in 38.0% of the subjects and 751 patients (32.2%) required multidisciplinary care; most of them had some genodermatoses. Conclusions: Dermatologic disorders are very common in the pediatric age group and differ from those in adults, suffering influence from cultural, ethnic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Knowing the magnitude and distribution of these dermatoses is important to better plan healthcare policies.

RESUMO: A romã (Punica granatum L.) contém uma alta concentração de compostos antioxidantes e fenólicos. Extratos de casca de romã em diferentes concentrações foram utilizados como antioxidante natural para aumentar a estabilidade lipídica de linguiça tipo Toscana, comparados ao eritorbato de sódio. As cascas foram submetidas à extração e liofilização aquosas por ultrassom. O extrato foi caracterizado por determinação de fenol e flavonóides. Os parâmetros cor, pH, peróxidos e ácido tiobarbitúrico foram avaliadas nos dias 1, 15 e 30 pós armazenamento, a temperatura de 5 ± 1 ºC e ciclo de luz de 12 horas/dia. As linguiças contendo 0,05 e 0,1% de extrato de casca apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao eritorbato de sódio quanto a peroxidação lipídica. Também apresentaram aceitabilidade global adequada na análise sensorial. Os extratos de casca de romã são, portanto, uma alternativa natural promissora para manter a estabilidade lipídica das linguiças toscanas, promovendo a proteção e podendo trazer benefícios da romã à saúde humana.

ABSTRACT: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains a high concentration of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Pomegranate peel extracts at different concentrations were used as natural antioxidant to increased the lipid stability of fresh Tuscan sausages, comparing with sodium erythorbate (SE). Peels were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and lyophilization. The extract was previously characterized throught phenol and flavonoids determination. The Tuscan Sausages were prepared, and color, pH, peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed at 1, 15, and 30 days of storage, at a mean temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC and under a 12-hour light cycle/day. Sausages containing 0.05 and 0.1% of peel extract showed results similar to sodium erythorbate in lipid peroxidation. Sausages treated with pomegranate peel extracts showed an adequate global acceptability level in the sensory analysis. Pomegranate peel extracts are; therefore, a promising natural alternative for maintaining the lipid stability of Tuscan sausages, promoting the protection of the meat and in addition, being able to bring beneficial of the pomegranate to the human health.

Resumo A estratificação das sementes de Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill. (erva-mate) em areia úmida por períodos de quatro a seis meses é uma prática comum em viveiros, utilizada para a superação de dormência das mesmas. Entretanto, este processo pode apresentar difícil controle fitossanitário, devido ao elevado grau de umidade e a grande concentração de sementes no mesmo local. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a influência da estratificação em areia autoclavada na qualidade sanitária de sementes de erva-mate. Sementes de quatro lotes foram submetidas à estratificação em areia úmida autoclavada, durante três e seis meses, tendo sua sanidade avaliada em meio BDA ao final destes períodos, assim como em sementes que não passaram por estratificação. Ao final do período de estratificação, as sementes apresentaram aspecto superficial escurecido, o que pode estar ligado à ação dos fungos na degradação do endocarpo. Foram identificados: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Já Aureobasidium melanogenum, Trichoderma sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. e Bipolaris sp. tiveram menores ocorrências. Observou-se a redução de Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp. após a estratificação em areia autoclavada e o gênero Paecilomyces somente foi observado aos 180 dias de estratificação, podendo estar relacionado com a degradação do endocarpo de sementes de Ilex paraguariensis.

Abstract The stratification of Ilex paraguariensis seeds (yerba mate) in wet sand for periods of four to six months is a common practice in nurseries, used to overcome their dormancy. However, this process may present difficult phytosanitary control due to the high moisture content and the high concentration of seeds in the same place. Thus, the present work had the objective of verifying the influence of the stratification in autoclaved sand on the sanitary quality of yerba mate seeds from different lots. Seeds of four lots were submitted to wet stratification for three and six months, and their sanity was evaluated at the end of these periods, as well as seeds that did not undergo stratification. At the end of the stratification period, the seeds had a darkened surface appearance, which may be related to the action of the fungi in the degradation of the endocarp. These ones were identified: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Already Aureobasidium melanogenum, Trichoderma sp., Curvularia sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp. and Bipolaris sp. had fewer occurrences. Observed reduction of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium guttiforme, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. after stratification and the genera Paecilomyces was only observed at 180 days of stratification, and may be related to the degradation of the endocarp of Ilex paraguariensis seeds.

RESUMO Na busca por estande de plantas homogêneo e resultados satisfatórios no desenvolvimento e produção de soja, pode ser realizado o tratamento de sementes combinando fungicidas químicos, bioestimuladores e outros produtos biológicos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a interferência de insumos químico e biológico em tratamento de sementes no desenvolvimento e produção de soja. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos no ano agrícola 2010/2011 em três localidades do Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando-se os seguintes tratamentos de sementes: fungicida fludioxonil; Trichoderma spp.; fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp.; fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp. + Biozyme®; e testemunha (sem tratamento). Para o número total de vagens, o tratamento com Trichoderma spp. e os demais tratamentos conjugados apresentaram até 77% mais vagens do que a testemunha. Os tratamentos fungicida fludioxonil, fungicida fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp. e fungicida fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp. + Biozyme® apresentaram até 14% maior produtividade do que a testemunha. O fungicida fludioxonil foi indicado para tratamento de sementes de soja conjugado com o fungo Trichoderma spp. e o bioestimulador Biozyme®, por promoverem o desenvolvimento de plantas e o aumento da produtividade de soja.

ABSTRACT In the search for homogeneous planting density and satisfactory results in soybean development and yield, the treatment of seeds can be carried out using a combination of chemical fungicides, growth stimulators, and other biological agents. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological inputs for soybean seed treatment on crop development and yield. Experiments were carried out in the 2010/2011 growing season in three municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul using the following treatments: fungicide fludioxonil, Trichoderma spp., fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp., fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp. + the growth stimulator Biozyme®, and a control (untreated). The total number of pods in treatment with Trichoderma spp. and the other treatments were up to 77% higher than that of the control. The grain yield of treatments with fludioxonil, fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp., and fludioxonil + Trichoderma spp. + Biozyme® was up to 14% higher than that of the control. These results indicate that fludioxonil combined with the fungus Trichoderma spp. and Biozyme® is indicated for treating soybean seeds and increases crop development and grain yield.

OBJECTIVES: Cirrhotic patients must receive an abdominal ultrasound every 6 months as part of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. The aim of this study was to assess if HCC screening was performed as recommended by the literature and to observe the differences between the private and public services in Brazil. METHODS: We analyzed data from the HCC screenings of 253 cirrhotic patients from the University Hospital (n=177) and private sector (n=76) in Vitória, ES, Brazil. RESULTS: Ultrasound screening was performed every 13.1 months on average (SD 9.02). In 37 out of 253 patients, the screenings were performed close to the recommended frequency; 16 were performed every 6 months, and 21 were mostly performed during the follow-up period every 6 months. In the remaining 216 cases, ultrasounds were not performed according to the guidelines; for 106 patients, less than 50% of all ultrasounds were performed every 6 months and 110 patients showed an interval greater than one year. Patients from the private sector received ultrasound screenings near the ideal in 28.9% of cases, while patients from the University Hospital received ultrasounds in only 8.4% of cases (p<0.0001). HCC was diagnosed in 30 patients (11.8%). For these 30 patients, 11 screenings were properly performed within 6 months (36.6%) and only 1 out of the 11 (9%) met the criteria for transplant. In the remaining 19 patients who did not receive the screening within 6 months, 6 (31.5%) did not meet the criteria for transplant. CONCLUSION: HCC screening in our environment was irregularly performed, mainly in the public service setting, which prevented early diagnosis in a large number of patients.

OBJECTIVE: this study's aim was to interpret the meanings assigned to quality of life by patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy.METHOD: the ethnographic method and the medical anthropology theoretical framework were used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observations with 16 men and women aged from 43 to 75 years old undergoing chemotherapy in a university hospital.RESULTS: the meanings and senses describe biographical ruptures, loss of normality of life, personal and social suffering, and the need to respond to chemotherapy's side effects; chemotherapy is seen as a transitional stage for a cure. Quality of life is considered unsatisfactory because the treatment imposes personal and social limitations and QoL is linked to resuming normal life.CONCLUSIONS: the meanings show the importance of considering sociocultural aspects in the conceptualization and assessment of quality of life.

OBJETIVO: el objetivo era interpretar los significados atribuidos a la calidad de vida de los pacientes con quimioterapia para el cáncer colorrectal.MÉTODO: se utilizó el método etnográfico y el marco teórico de la antropología médica. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participante con dieciséis hombres y mujeres, entre 43 y 75 años que fueron sometidos a la quimioterapia en un hospital público de enseñanza.RESULTADOS: los significados describen las rupturas biográficas, la pérdida de la vida normal, el sufrimiento personal y social, la necesidad de responder a las reacciones de la quimioterapia que es un paso previo a la curación. La calidad de vida se evaluó como insatisfactoria debido a las limitaciones personales y sociales del tratamiento y se relaciona con la reanudación de la vida normal.CONCLUSIONES: los significados ponen de relieve la importancia de considerar los aspectos sociales y culturales en la conceptualización y evaluación de la calidad de vida.

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do estudo foi interpretar os significados atribuídos à qualidade de vida por pacientes com câncer colorretal em quimioterapia.MÉTODO: utilizamos o método etnográfico e o referencial teórico da antropologia médica. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações participantes com dezesseis homens e mulheres, entre 43 e 75 anos, que realizavam quimioterapia em um hospital público universitário.RESULTADOS: os sentidos e significados descrevem as rupturas biográficas, a perda da normalidade da vida, o sofrimento pessoal e social, a necessidade de reagir às reações da quimioterapia que é uma etapa liminar para a cura. A qualidade de vida é avaliada como insatisfatória devido às limitações pessoais e sociais do tratamento e esta relacionada à retomada da normalidade da vida.CONCLUSÕES: os significados evidenciam a importância de se considerar aspectos socioculturais na conceituação e avaliação da qualidade de vida.

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do estudo foi interpretar os significados atribuídos à qualidade de vida por pacientes com câncer colorretal em quimioterapia.MÉTODO: utilizamos o método etnográfico e o referencial teórico da antropologia médica. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações participantes com dezesseis homens e mulheres, entre 43 e 75 anos, que realizavam quimioterapia em um hospital público universitário.RESULTADOS: os sentidos e significados descrevem as rupturas biográficas, a perda da normalidade da vida, o sofrimento pessoal e social, a necessidade de reagir às reações da quimioterapia que é uma etapa liminar para a cura. A qualidade de vida é avaliada como insatisfatória devido às limitações pessoais e sociais do tratamento e esta relacionada à retomada da normalidade da vida.CONCLUSÕES: os significados evidenciam a importância de se considerar aspectos socioculturais na conceituação e avaliação da qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: this study's aim was to interpret the meanings assigned to quality of life by patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy.METHOD: the ethnographic method and the medical anthropology theoretical framework were used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observations with 16 men and women aged from 43 to 75 years old undergoing chemotherapy in a university hospital.RESULTS: the meanings and senses describe biographical ruptures, loss of normality of life, personal and social suffering, and the need to respond to chemotherapy's side effects; chemotherapy is seen as a transitional stage for a cure. Quality of life is considered unsatisfactory because the treatment imposes personal and social limitations and QoL is linked to resuming normal life.CONCLUSIONS: the meanings show the importance of considering sociocultural aspects in the conceptualization and assessment of quality of life.

OBJETIVO: el objetivo era interpretar los significados atribuidos a la calidad de vida de los pacientes con quimioterapia para el cáncer colorrectal.MÉTODO: se utilizó el método etnográfico y el marco teórico de la antropología médica. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participante con dieciséis hombres y mujeres, entre 43 y 75 años que fueron sometidos a la quimioterapia en un hospital público de enseñanza.RESULTADOS: los significados describen las rupturas biográficas, la pérdida de la vida normal, el sufrimiento personal y social, la necesidad de responder a las reacciones de la quimioterapia que es un paso previo a la curación. La calidad de vida se evaluó como insatisfactoria debido a las limitaciones personales y sociales del tratamiento y se relaciona con la reanudación de la vida normal.CONCLUSIONES: los significados ponen de relieve la importancia de considerar los aspectos sociales y culturales en la conceptualización y evaluación de la calidad de vida.

A Mata Atlântica é um dos ecossistemas mais ameaçados e ricos do mundo, contando com cerca de 113 espécies de morcegos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a assembléia de morcegos de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista a 1100 metros de altitude, no planalto de Guarapuava, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os morcegos foram capturados com dez redes de neblina instaladas acima do solo em 24 noites de amostragem durante 12 meses. Um total de 160 capturas de 144 indivíduos foi realizado, sendo estes distribuídos em dez espécies, com a família Vespertilionidae sendo a mais representativa. A riqueza estimada (Chao2) foi de 12.75 ± 4.14 espécies. Sturnira lilium e Molossus molossus foram as espécies mais abundantes, com 36 capturas cada. Os morcegos insetívoros dominaram a assembléia tanto em número de espécies quanto em número de indivíduos capturados. Sugerimos que essa assembléia possa ser caracterizada como uma fauna tipicamente subtropical de altitude e pode ser relacionada aos ambientes de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, em especial acima dos 1000 metros de altitude.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most rich and threatened ecosystems in the world, and has about 113 bat species. The aim of this study was to characterize the bat assemblage in a remnant of Araucaria Pine Forest at 1100 meters of altitude, at Guarapuava Highlands, Paraná State, Brazil. Bats were caught with ten mist nets installed above ground in 24 night sampling distributed in 12 months. A total of 160 catches of 144 individuals was performed, these being allotted to ten species, and the Vespertilionidae family being the most represented. The estimated richness (Chao2) was 12.75 ± 4.14 species. Sturnira lilium and Molossus molossus were the most abundant species with 36 catches to each. The insectivore bats dominate the assemblage both in number of species and number of individuals captured. We suggest that this assemblage can be characterized as a typical subtropical highland fauna and be related to environments of Araucaria Pine Forest, especially above 1000 meters of altitude.

A Amazônia é a maior floresta tropical do mundo e pelo menos 147 espécies de morcegos ocorrem neste ambiente. A despeito desta grande riqueza, a diversidade de morcegos da Amazônia é pobremente conhecida e existem grandes lacunas neste conhecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a assembleia de morcegos ocorrentes na região do Médio Teles Pires (MTP), no sul da Amazônia. Além disso, avaliou-se a similaridade dessa assembleia em relação a 14 assembleias estudadas em outras localidades amazônicas e avaliou-se a correlação entre as similaridades destas localidades e suas distâncias. Trinta e três espécies de morcegos foram registradas, representando 71% das espécies estimadas (Jackknife2). As três espécies com maior abundância relativa foram: Carollia perspicillata, Pteronotus parnellii e Phyllostomus hastatus que somadas contam com mais de 50% das capturas. O grupo funcional dos frugívoros obteve o maior número de espécies capturadas. Foi encontrada uma correlação negativa entre as distâncias e as similaridades das assembleias de morcegos amazônicos (r = -0,22; p = 0,014). A distância geográfica pode explicar apenas 6% da similaridade entre as assembleias analisadas, ainda assim, as similaridades destas assembleias permitem que as mesmas sejam agrupadas por suas distâncias geográficas. Além disso, a fauna de morcegos do MTP é diferenciada de outras áreas da Amazônia o que lhe confere um papel especial na conservação dos morcegos amazônicos

Amazonia is the largest tropical rainforest in the world and at least 147 bat species occur in this environment. Despite its richness, the diversity of bat fauna is poorly known for this region and there are large gaps in its knowledge. This study aims to describe the bat assemblage of the Middle Teles Pires River (MTP) region, southern Amazonia. Furthermore, we evaluated the similarity of this assemblage in relation to 14 assemblages studied in other Amazonian localities, and correlations were found between the similarity values among the sites and their geographic distances. Thirty-three bat species were recorded, accounting for 71% of the estimated species richness (Jackknife2). The three species that had the higher relative abundance values were Carollia perspicillata, Pteronotus parnellii and Phyllostomus hastatus, which together accounted for more than 50% of the captures. The frugivore functional group had the highest number of recorded species. A negative correlation was found between the geographic distances and the similarities among the Amazonian bat assemblages (r = -0.22; p = 0.014). Geographic distance could explain only 6% of the similarities among the analyzed assemblages, even though, the similarity found allowed them to be grouped by their distances. Besides, the MTP bat fauna is different from other Amazonian areas, which gives it a special role in the Amazonian bat conservation.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar a diversidade da micobiota parasitária e o tempo decorrido até o início do parasitismo de escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum em solos da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Foram coletados solos agrícolas e não agrícolas de cinco localidades na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O isolamento dos fungos foi realizado por meio do teste de iscas, sendo que as iscas foram os escleródios do fitopatógeno, os quais permaneceram enterrados no solo durante 15, 30 e 60 dias. Os fungos foram identificados em nível de gênero. Os gêneros fúngicos encontrados parasitando escleródios foram: Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pythium(Cromista), Clonostachys rosea (Gliocladium), Chaetomium, Curvularia, Phytophthora(Cromista), Rhizopus, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Mucor, Acremonium, Periconiae Isaria.Observou-se que os escleródios foram parasitados pelos fungos até 15 dias depois de serem enterrados, e deste período em diante apenas a frequência de ocorrência dos fungos mudou. Concluiu-se que os gêneros fúngicos Isaria,Periconia, Acremonium, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Phytophthora, Curvulariae Chaetomium são encontrados em solos agrícolas e não agrícolas na fronteira oeste do RS, e não foram citados anteriormente em outros trabalhos. Existe diversidade de fungos parasitários de escleródios de S. sclerotiorum nos solos da fronteira oeste do RS, os quais podem ser utilizados em experimentos para compor um programa de controle biológico desse fitopatógeno. Os escleródios são parasitados pelos fungos durante até 15 dias, após os mesmos serem enterrados no solo.

The aim of this study was to identify the diversity of the parasitic mycoflora and to identify the necessary time until the beginning of the parasitism of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soils of the western frontier of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Agricultural and non agricultural soils of five locations in the western frontier of Rio Grande do Sul were collected. The fungi isolation was performed by testing baits, and baits were the sclerotia of the phytopathogen, which remained buried in the soil for 15, 30 and 60 days. The fungi were identified at the genus level. The following fungal genera were found parasitizing sclerotia: Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pythium (Cromista) Clonostachys rosea (Gliocladium), Chaetomium, Curvularia, Phytophthora (Cromista), Rhizopus, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Mucor, Acremonium, Periconiaand Isaria. It was observed that the sclerotia were parasitized by fungi until 15 days after they had been buried. And after this period, only the frequency of occurrence of fungi has changed. It was concluded that the fungal genera Isaria, Periconia, Acremonium, Lichtheimia (Absidia), Phytophthora, Curvulariaand Chaetomium are found both in agricultural and non-agricultural soils on the western frontier of RS, but they were not previously cited in other works. There is diversity of parasitic fungi of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in the soils of the western frontier of the RS, which can be used in experiments to compose biological control programs for this pathogen. The sclerotia are parasitized by fungi until 15 days after being buried underground.