Resumo Células solares com emissor e face posterior passivada (PERC, passivated emitter and rear cell) vêm dominando o mercado fotovoltaico em razão de seu processo de fabricação ser compatível com as linhas industriais que vinham sendo utilizadas e pela produção de dispositivos de alta eficiência. Atualmente o silício tipo p é o mais utilizado pela indústria de células solares, mas o silício tipo n deve ganhar mercado nos próximos anos juntamente com o emprego de lâminas de espessura reduzida. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão sistemática dos principais estudos na área de células solares base n, sendo elas do tipo PERC, PERT (passivated emitter-rear totally diffused) e TOPCon (tunnel oxide passivated contact), com ênfase para a abordagem de contatos seletivos, emissores seletivos e nos processos utilizados, bem como na análise de células solares de espessura reduzida em relação ao padrão da indústria atual.

Abstract The PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar cells have been dominating the competitive photovoltaic market due to their manufacturing process being compatible with the industrial lines that were being used and to produce high efficiency devices. Currently, p-type silicon is the most used by the solar cell industry, but n-type silicon should gain market in the coming years along with the use of thinner wafers. This work is a systematic review that aims to find the main recent studies in the field of n-type solar cells, like PERC, PERT (passivated emitter-rear totally diffused), and TOPCon (tunnel oxide passivated contact), with emphasis on the selective contacts and selective emitters and the processes to obtain them, as well as the analysis of solar cells of reduced thickness in relation to the current industrial standard.

Evidence has shown that women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a greater risk of cardiovascular complications compared with men, but this sex difference is not clearly understood. This study assessed the microvascular function and circulatory biomarkers in postmenopausal women (PMW) with T2DM compared with diabetic men and their non-diabetic counterparts. Sixty participants were divided into nondiabetic PMW, PMW with T2DM, non-diabetic men, and diabetic men. Microvascular function was assessed using non-invasive equipment (EndoPAT®) and reported as reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters were also measured. Two-way ANOVA was performed using sex (women or men) and T2DM (non-diabetic and diabetic) as the two factors. RHI impairment (1.97±0.14) was detected in diabetic PMW compared with women without T2DM (2.5±0.13) accompanied by lower adiponectin levels (T2DM: 9.3±1.2 and CTL: 13.8±1.8 ug/mL, P<0.05). An increase in the Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), nitrate/nitrite, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were observed in diabetic PMW compared to the other groups. Although a poor glycemia control was seen in diabetic men, neither RHI nor circulatory biomarkers were affected by T2DM. Multiple linear regression stratified by sex and T2DM identified some variables with RHI only in PMW with T2DM: HbA1c (P=0.003), body mass index (P=0.029), CML (P=0.032), and CRP (P=0.006). Diabetic PMW were more susceptible to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia than men, showing microvascular dysfunction with high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (CML and CRP) and a lower adiponectin concentration.

We aimed to present an overview of the literature regarding the interaction between physical exercise and APOE gene polymorphism on cognitive function, particularly in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Firstly, this review focused on the effect of the physical exercise on cognitive function, regardless of APOE gene polymorphism. Some studies have shown that a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with less neuronal damage with an improvement in memory score tests whereas other studies failed to detect any association between physical exercise and cognitive improvement either in healthy individuals or patients with AD. Taken together, standardized protocols and more longitudinal studies are required to provide a better insight into the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function. Although there is no agreement in the literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function, it is well established that it improves social interaction and the feeling of well-being, thereby positively contributing to the quality of life of the elderly. Regarding the influence of physical exercise on cognitive function in APOE ε4 allele carriers, the data trend shows that the carriers of allele ε4 for APOE gene were more responsive to the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function compared with non-carriers. Nevertheless, studies with larger sample sizes will provide more accuracy about this relationship.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a passivação de superfícies com SiO2 em células solares bifaciais fabricadas em lâminas finas bem como avaliar a influência do tipo de silício monocristalino utilizado para fabricar as células solares. A estrutura implementada foi a n+pp+, com fósforo na face frontal e boro e alumínio na face posterior, formando uma região seletiva de campo retrodifusor. Foram usadas lâminas de silício Cz (Czochralski) e FZ (float zone) com 145 μm de espessura e implementou-se uma etapa térmica para crescer uma camada de SiO2 para passivar as superfícies. O óxido passivou as superfícies, proporcionando um aumento de 0,5% absolutos na eficiência das células solares fabricadas em silício FZ. As células solares produzidas em Si-Cz não obtiveram o mesmo aumento porque apresentaram uma elevada resistência em série. A célula solar fina mais eficiente foi fabricada com silício FZ e com superfícies passivadas, atingindo eficiência de 14,5% e de 11,1%, para iluminação pela face n+ e p+, respectivamente. As células em Si-Cz, mesmo com menor tempo de vida inicial dos portadores de carga minoritários, atingiram eficiências um pouco menores que estes valores.

Abstract The aim of this paper was to analyze the surface passivation based on SiO2 for thin bifacial solar cells as well as to evaluate the influence of the type of substrate used to fabricate the cells. The n+pp+ structure was implemented, with phosphorus in the front face and boron and aluminum in the rear face, forming in the latter a selective back surface field. The Czochralski (Cz) and float zone (FZ) monocrystalline silicon wafers (145 μm thick) were used and a thermal step to grow a SiO2 layer to passivate the surfaces was implemented. The oxide passivated the surfaces, providing an absolute increase of 0.5% in FZ silicon solar cell efficiency. The solar cells produced in Si-Cz did not present the same increase because they showed a high series resistance. The more efficient thin solar cell was manufactured with Si-FZ and with oxidized surfaces, reaching the efficiency of 14.5% and 11.1%, for illumination by the n+ and p+ faces, respectively. The Si-Cz solar cells, even with a lower initial lifetime of minority carriers, reached slightly lower efficiencies than Si-FZ solar cells.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência da associação dos polimorfismos do gene da sintase do óxido nítrico endotelial (NOS3) para as posições -786T>C, Glu298Asp e íntron 4b/a e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória sobre as concentrações de nitrito/nitrato, pressão arterial, perfil lipídico e prevalência de doenças cardiometabólicas em adultos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Noventa e duas pessoas foram divididas de acordo com o genótipo: não polimórficas (NP) e polimórficas (P). Posteriormente, foram subdivididas pela aptidão cardiorrespiratória associada ao genótipo: alta (ANP e AP) ou baixa (BNP e BP). RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos que apresentavam polimorfismo para as posições Glu298Asp+Íntron 4b/a e Glu298Asp+-786T>C e baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória apresentaram maiores valores de colesterol total e maior prevalência de dislipidemia. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados demonstram que os polimorfismos do gene da NOS3 para essas duas associações influenciam os níveis de colesterol plasmático, e essa associação foi mais claramente observada quando os indivíduos apresentavam menor nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp and intron 4b/a, and cardiorespiratory fitness on plasma nitrite/nitrate levels, blood pressure, lipid profile, and prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-two volunteers were genotyped for NOS3 polymorphisms at positions (-786T>C and Glu298Asp) and (intron 4b/a) and divided according to the genotype: non-polymorphic (NP) and polymorphic (P). After that, they were subdivided according to the cardiorespiratory fitness associated with genotype: high (HNP and HP) and low (LNP and LP). RESULTS: The subjects with polymorphism for the interactions at positions Glu298Asp + intron 4b/a, and Glu298Asp+-786T>C showed the highest values in total cholesterol, as well as dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that NOS3 gene polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp, and intron 4b/a exert negative effects on the lipid profile compared with those who do not carry polymorphisms.

The health-promoting effects of exercise training (ET) are related to nitric oxide (NO) production and/or its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphism of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene at positions -786T>C, G894T (Glu298Asp) and at the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) Intron 4b/a would interfere with the cardiometabolic responses of postmenopausal women submitted to physical training. Forty-nine postmenopausal women were trained in sessions of 30-40 min, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Genotypes, oxidative stress status and cardiometabolic parameters were then evaluated in a double-blind design. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly reduced after ET, which was genotype-independent. However, women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C (TT genotype) and Intron 4b/a (bb genotype) presented a better reduction of total cholesterol levels (-786T>C: before = 213 ± 12.1, after = 159.8 ± 14.4, Δ = -24.9% and Intron 4b/a: before = 211.8 ± 7.4, after = 180.12 ± 6.4 mg/dL, Δ = -15%), and LDL cholesterol (-786T>C: before = 146.1 ± 13.3, after = 82.8 ± 9.2, Δ = -43.3% and Intron 4b/a: before = 143.2 ± 8, after = 102.7 ± 5.8 mg/dL, Δ = -28.3%) in response to ET compared to those who carried the mutant allele. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in trained women whereas no changes were observed in malondialdehyde levels. Women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C and Intron 4b/a showed a greater reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in response to ET. Furthermore, no genotype influence was observed on arterial blood pressure or oxidative stress status in this population.

O Sol é fonte de energia renovável e o seu uso para produzir energia elétrica é uma das alternativas promissoras para enfrentar os desafios energéticos e ambientais do novo milênio. O silício é o segundo elemento mais abundante da Terra. Este material semicondutor é largamente usado na indústria de células solares e dispositivos de microeletrônica e permite a fabricação de dispositivos de alta durabilidade. O silício cristalino tipo n vem despertando o interesse mundial por apresentar menor degradação e maior tempo de vida dos portadores minoritários quando comparado com silício tipo p. O objetivo deste trabalho está centrado no desenvolvimento de um processo de fabricação industrial de células solares p+nn+, pseudoquadradas de 80 mm x 80 mm, em silício crescido por fusão zonal flutuante (Si-FZ) tipo n, com metalização por serigrafia. A região p+ foi produzida a partir de dopante com boro depositado por spin-on e difusão a alta temperatura em forno convencional com tubo de quartzo. A dopagem com boro foi otimizada considerando as características elétricas das células solares. O método consistiu em variar a temperatura de difusão de 900 ºC a 1020 ºC e tempo de difusão do processo de 10 min a 40 min. O processo de passivação de superfície foi avaliado utilizando SiO2 o que demonstrou não ser eficaz para o tipo de célula solar deste trabalho. Os melhores dispositivos foram fabricados com difusão de boro a 1000 ºC por 30 min, sem passivação de superfície, atingindo-se a eficiência de 14,6 %.

The Sun is a renewable energy source and its use to produce electric energy is one of the promising alternatives to address energetic and environmental challenges of the new millennium. Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth. This semiconductor material is widely used in the manufacturing of solar cells and microelectronic devices and it allows the fabrication of high durability devices. The n-type Si is attracting worldwide interest because of its reduced degradation and higher minority carrier lifetime when compared to p-silicon. This work focuses on the development of a process to fabricate industrial p+nn+ solar cells, pseudo-square of 80 mm x 80 mm, by using n-type float zone silicon (FZ-Si), with metal grid deposited by screen-printing. The p+ region was formed by using boron spin-on dopant and diffusion in conventional quartz-tube furnaces at high temperature. Boron doping was optimized taking into account the solar cell electric characteristics. Temperature of boron diffusion was varied from 900 ºC to 1020 ºC and diffusion time from 10 min to 40 min. Surface passivation was implemented by using a SiO2 layer and it was not effective to reduce the surface recombination. Best devices were fabricated with boron diffusion at 1000 °C by 30 min, achieving the efficiency of 14.6 %.