Electrocoagulation-electroflotation (EC) technology is a well-known wastewater treatment process that consists of applying electric current to remove contaminants without requiring the addition of chemicals that can generate secondary pollutants. Once they are the most widely used, iron and aluminum electrodes are considered conventional, however they leave unwanted residues, which will give a yellowish-brown color to the treated water, in the case of iron electrodes, and are associated with potential risks to human health, in the case of aluminum electrodes. In this regard, the study of non-conventional electrodes capable of circumventing those problems is essential for the development of more effective wastewater treatments. In this review article, a brief presentation will be made of the history of electrofloculation followed by a brief discussion of conventional electrodes and the mechanisms that govern the processes of removing contaminants by the electrocoagulation process. Subsequently, the non-conventional electrodes reported in the literature up to the present moment will be presented, as well as their potential, applications and performance when applied in water treatment. Finally, will be discussed the coupling of the electroflotation with other water treatment techniques towards achieving a better-quality reuse water.

Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical chemistry play an important role to face the challenges of the contemporary world. They have contributed to the advance of the scientific development of our country, helped to promote economic and social progress as well as cultural dissemination. These areas have greatly contributed to the knowledge about thermodynamics and kinetics of the electron transfer reactions, energy conversion, synthesis and modification of compounds, corrosion, and development of fast, sensitive, and selective analytical methods. This work presents an overview of the areas by analyzing the technical and scientific papers produced in Brazil on these subjects, and the analysis of the Brazilian scientific societies that were formed and consolidated, which have contributed to spread the scientific knowledge. The improvement of these areas can be attributed to the good quality of the human resources formed during long time as well as the growing of distribution of research groups in different regions of the country. The success/future of these areas are associated with good academic/scientific education, low cost of instrumentation, formation of networks of excellence between researchers, and large cooperation projects that improved with the sharing of ideas, technologies, infrastructure, and equipment. All of which has contributed to strengthening consolidated and emerging graduation programs.

This work describes the development of Analytical Chemistry in Brazil from the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) foundation to the present days. Important historical facts were highlighted and data on the human resources formation, financial investments and scientific production were used to evaluate and contextualize the progress achieved. The evolution of the scientific events of the area was also presented. The survey shows that Analytical Chemistry has advanced a lot in these 40 years, occupying a prominent position in the international scenario. This growth is mainly due to the formation of qualified human resources, the organization of scientific societies and inductive policies. It was also verified that the quantitative advance was greater than the qualitative one. Thus, one of the challenges for the next years is to work at the knowledge frontier and increases the quality and impact of scientific production in Analytical Chemistry. The evolution of the area into current trends such as Nanoscience, Microfluidic, Omics, Chemometric, Green Chemistry and Chemical Speciation is also presented and discussed.

The use of dyes in the commercialization of fuel is usually associated with protection of the source and destination. It is used as "markers" to identify and guarantee the identity of the specific product of a particular manufacturer to discourage theft, tampering and disclosure of the quality of solvent or fuel. This work presents a critical analysis on the state of the art about the available analytical methods for identification and quantification of dyes used as markers of solvents and fuels, as well as evaluation of the physical-chemical staining and laws surrounding their use and commercialization.

Índigo carmim forma complexos estáveis com diferentes íons e a constante de estabilidade dos complexos foi avaliada como log K igual 5,75; 5,00; 4,89 e 3,89, respectivamente, para os complexos com os íons Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) e Zn(II) em solução tampão carbonato 0,1 mol L-1, pH 10. A interação entre o íon Cu(II) e índigo carmin (IC) em meio alcalino resultou na formação do complexo Cu2(IC) monitorado por método espectrofotométrico, com razão estequiométrica entre o índigo carmim e o íon metálico de 2:1 (metal-ligante). O método relatado também tem sido testado com sucesso para determinação de cobre em compostos farmacêuticos à base de cobre-gliconato sem qualquer pré-tratamento.

Indigo carmine forms a stable complex with different ions, and the stability constant of the complexes were evaluated as log K equal to 5.75; 5.00; 4.89 and 3.89 for complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions, respectively, in 0.1 mol L-1 carbonate buffer solution at pH 10. The interaction between Cu(II) ions and indigo carmine (IC) in alkaline medium resulted in the formation of the Cu2(IC) complex, measured by the spectrophotometric method, with a stoichiometric ratio between indigo carmine and metal ions of 2:1 (metal-ligand). The reported method has also been successfully tested for determination of copper in pharmaceutical compounds based on copper-gluconate without pre-treatment.

An analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been developed and applied to the determination of Solvent blue 14 (SA-14) and Solvent red 24 (SV-24) in fuel samples. The dyes were better separated on C18 column, using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate (90:10, v/v). Detection was carried out at an oxidation potential of +0.85V. The detector response was linear at concentration range of 7.50×10-8 - 1.50×10-6 mol L-1 (r = 0.997) for SA-14 and SV-24, respectively. The method was used to quantify these dyes in fuels samples with satisfactory accuracy and precision.

The present study describes a new procedure to obtain gold nanoparticles, directly in the pores of polycarbonate membranes commonly used in ultrafiltration. The dimensions of the particles may be controlled through the reduction time of the ions in the channels of the harbor matrix. The dissolution of the metallized polymer enables an investigation of the optical and morphologic properties of these elements.

Nanomaterials make up an emerging area in Chemistry and in the science of materials. This area constitutes the development of methods for synthesizing nanoscopic particles of a given material used for scientific investigation. Nanomaterials have a wide range of commercial possibilities and technological applications, including their use in analytical chemistry, as well as in electronics, optics, engineering, medicine, devices for liberation of drugs, bioencapsulation, among others. This paper presents a summary about nanoelectrodes, devices built from nanoparticles, which show great potential as electrochemical tools in many different types of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to review the construction methodologies of nanoelectrodes, and to point out their successful applicability in the various fields of immune assays and other analytical procedures with quantitative purposes.

Procion Green HE-4BD is a reactive dye currently used in affinity purification, and commonly present as a contaminant in the final biological preparation. An assay method is described to determine trace amounts of the dye in the presence of human serum albumin(HSA) and leakage from agarose as affinity sorbent by cathodic stripping voltammetry. The proposed method is based on the reductive peak at -0.55V in B-R buffer pH 3 (E=0V and t= 240s), obtained when samples of HSA 2% (m/v) containing dye concentrations in sodium hydroxide pH 12 are submitted to a heating time of 330 min at 80 ºC. Linear calibration curves can be obtained for RG19 dye concentrations from 5x10-9 mol L-1 to 8 x10-8 mol L-1. The detection limit (3sigma) is 1x10-9 mol L-1.

Tartrazina e índigo carmim são corantes alimentícios amplamente utilizados na indústria alimentícia. Ambos os corantes apresentam ondas voltamétricas de redissolução catódica bem definidas no intervalo de pH 2 a 12, quando pré-acumulados sobre eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio. Curvas de calibração para tartrazina e índigo carmim são obtidas no intervalo de 5x10-9mol.L-1 a 1x10-7mol.L-1, em tempos de acúmulo de 30s e potencial de acúmulo de 0V e -0,10V, em tampão acetato pH 4,5 e carbonato pH 10, respectivamente. O método proposto foi aplicado para determinação direta de ambos os corantes em amostras individuais ou misturas em meio aquoso, e também, em amostras comerciais de suco artificial em pó e balas.

Tartrazine and Indigo-carmine are synthetic colorants commonly used in the food industry. A method was developed for the linear scan cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of both dyes with a hanging mercury electrode. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for tartrazine and indigo-carmine in concentration from 5x10-9mol.L-1 to 1x10-7mol.L-1, using optimum accumulation potential of 0V and -0.10V, accumulation time of 30s and acetate buffer pH 4.5 and carbonate buffer pH 10, respectively. The proposed method is applied successfully for simultaneous determination of the both dyes in commercial artificial powder juice and candies.

Voltamogramas de redissolução catódica de cefaloglicina em meio ácido exibem uma única onda de redução em potenciais próximos da descarga do eletrólito (-1.0 V). Entretanto, o fármaco pode ser determinado indiretamente em meio alcalino (pH 10) através do complexo formado entre cefaloglicina e Hg(I) gerado na superfície do eletrodo sob potencial de acúmulo positivo (Eac= +0.20 V). Uma curva de calibração linear no intervalo de 0.122 a 1.22 mg/mL foi obtida para cefaloglicina em tampão B-R pH 10 utilizando-se tempo de acúmulo de 30 seg e potencial de acúmulo de +0.20 V. O método mostra alta reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade com desvio padrão relativo de 1,4 % para 5 determinações de 5x10-7 mol/L de cefaclor e limite de detecção de 5,17 ng/mL.

Cephaloglycin in B-R buffer pH < 4 is reduced at HMDE very close to the electrolyte discharge (-1.0 V). Nevertheless, in alkaline medium (pH 10) a peak at -0.6V is observed when cephaloglycin is accumulated at accumulation potentials close to +0.20V by formation of an adsorbed mercury complex. The accumulation of this complex is recommended for use in the indirect determination of cephaloglycin by cathodic stripping voltammetry in the range 0.122 to 1.22 mg/mL with pre-concentration for 30 sec at accumulation potential of +0.20V. The detection limit was calculated to be 5,17 ng/mL (n= 3). The relative standard deviation determined from five determinations at the 5x10-7 mol/L level was 1.4 %.