Resumo Neste trabalho é apresentada uma revisão sobre métodos para cálculo do desvio padrão da direção do vento horizontal (σθ). Três diferentes métodos clássicos encontrados na literatura [Verral e Williams, 1982 (VW), Ackermann, 1983 (ACK), e Yamartino, 1984 (YM)] são avaliados a partir de intercomparação entre eles utilizando-se dados de vento obtidos por radiossondagens. Estas medidas foram realizadas a cada seis horas durante um período de 11 dias do mês de setembro de 2008 (estação seca da região Norte do NE do Brasil, com ventos alísios intensos). Os cálculos mostraram que o método de YM apresentou-se o mais confiável, sendo que os resultados de VW foram muito próximos de YM. Comparando os métodos dois a dois, as máximas diferenças foram de 29 graus entre ACK e YM e 26,3 graus entre ACK e VW, enquanto que entre YM e VW a máxima diferença foi de apenas 2,6 graus. Segundo a literatura revisada, YM é o método mais estável ao longo da variação de σθ, com erro de, no máximo, 2%.

Abstract In this paper, a review about three classical methods for calculating the standard deviation of the horizontal wind direction (σθ) is presented. These methods described by Verral and Williams, 1982 (VW), Ackermann, 1983 (ACK), and Yamartino, 1984 (YM) are evaluated by intercomparison between them using wind data obtained from radiosonde measurements. These measurements were taken every six hours over a period of 11 days of September 2008 (dry season of the north of NE region of Brazil, with strong trade winds). Calculations indicated that YM method showed to be the most reliable, whereas the results of VW were very close to YM. Comparing the methods two by two, the maximum differences were 29 degrees between ACK and YM and 26.3 degrees between ACK and VW, while between YM and VW the maximum difference was only 2.6 degrees. According to the reviewed literature, YM is the most stable method over the range of σθ, with maximum error of 2%.

Abstract: This work has presented the first stage performance at design and off-design operating points of an axial turbine, with two stages using a numerical simulation. Experimental methods of predicting the performance of axial turbine is costly and time consuming compared to the computationalfluid dynamics approach. Therefore, computational techniques were adopted to determine the stage performance. This stuãy analyzed the first stage performance of an axial flow turbine, using a computational tool for simulating the steady state two/three-dimensional viscous flow. A computational fluid dynamics software was used to solve the rans equations with the spalart-allmaras turbulence model. The computational fluid dynamics results were compared with those obtained from the mean line loss model code. The comparisons have been conducted to provide a pretest performance for the turbine first stage.

RACIONAL: Um dos mecanismos genéticos presentes em aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes com síndrome hereditária não-polipóide do câncer colorretal (HNPCC) são os defeitos nos genes reparadores de DNA, como o MSH2, MSH6 e MLH1, onde os tumores sincrônicos são relativamente freqüentes. Já no câncer colorretal esporádico as lesões sincrônicas são raras. OBJETIVO: Verificar se o mesmo mecanismo genético presente no HNPCC está presente no câncer colorretal esporádico que apresentam com lesões sincrônicas. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo todos os pacientes com câncer colorretal sincrônico não HNPCC. Imunoistoquímica com anticorpos para MSH2,MSH6, e MLH1 foi realizada para cada tumor. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram expressão normal de MSH2 e MLH1. O único gene com imunoexpressão alterada foi o MSH6. CONCLUSÃO: Possivelmente outro mecanismo genético seja responsável pelo surgimento de dois tumores sincrônicos no câncer colorretal esporádico.

BACKGROUND: Mismatch repair genes (such as MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6) mutations are present in over 80% of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) tumors, which frequently exhibit synchronous lesions. Sporadic colorectal cancer is rarely associated with synchronous lesions. AIM: To investigate the role of mismatch repair gene mutation in synchronous sporadic colorectal cancer. METHODS: Patients with sporadic synchronous colorectal adenocarcinomas were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry was performed using MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6 antibodies. RESULTS: All patients had two synchoronous lesions. None of them had altered MSH2 or MLH1 expression. One patient had altered MSH6 expression in both tumors. CONCLUSION: Possibly, other molecular mechanisms are involved in carcinogenesis of sporadic synchronous colorectal cancer.