RESUMO Objetivo A doença do Coronavírus - 2019, causada pelo Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), é um problema de saúde pública global e tem levado os indivíduos desenvolverem distúrbios psicológicos (depressão, ansiedade, etc.), especialmente indivíduos frágeis, como aqueles afetados por esclerose múltipla. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre ansiedade e hábitos nutricionais em pacientes com esclerose múltipla durante o surto de coronavírus. Métodos Este estudo transversal é resultado de uma pesquisa online com pacientes com esclerose múltipla que vivem na Turquia (n=294). Um formulário de questionário contendo dados demográficos gerais, o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck e atitudes e hábitos nutricionais foi aplicado a pacientes com esclerose múltipla. Resultados Escores de ansiedade moderados ou graves foram encontrados em 42,2% dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla. O ganho de peso foi relatado em 40,5% durante o surto. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa na distribuição dos escores do Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck dos indivíduos para o consumo de nozes/sementes, arroz/massa, bolo/biscoitos e água. Um aumento de uma unidade nas pontuações do Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck levou a um aumento de 1,04 vezes no consumo de pão e arroz/massa e 1,05 vezes no consumo de bolo/biscoitos antes ou depois de controlar possíveis fatores de confusão. Um aumento de uma unidade nas pontuações do Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck levou a uma redução de 1,06 vezes no consumo de água e 1,04 vezes no consumo de carnes e aves, frutas (frescas) e arroz/massa antes ou depois de controlar possíveis fatores de confusão. Conclusão Durante o surto de coronavírus, a ansiedade levou a mudanças nos hábitos nutricionais e nas preferências alimentares dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla. A vigilância contínua das consequências psicológicas e o aconselhamento nutricional para surtos devem se tornar rotina como parte dos esforços de preparação em todo o mundo.

ABSTRACT Objective The Coronavirus disease 2019 is a global public health problem that has led to psychological disorders (depression, anxiety, etc.), especially in fragile individuals such as those affected by multiple sclerosis. This study investigated the relationship between anxiety and nutritional habits during the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was an online survey of multiple sclerosis patients living in Turkey. The total sample consisted of 294 multiple sclerosis patients. A questionnaire containing general demographic data, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and nutritional attitudes and habits was applied to multiple sclerosis patients. Results Moderate or severe anxiety scores were found in 42.2% of multiple sclerosis patients. Weight gain was reported in 40.5% of them during the outbreak. A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of individuals’ Beck Anxiety Inventory scores for consumption of nuts/seeds, rice/pasta, cake/cookies, and water. A 1-unit increase in Beck Anxiety Inventory scores led to a 1.04 times increased consumption of bread and rice/pasta and a 1.05 times increased consumption of cake/cookies either before or after controlling for potential confounders. A 1-unit increase in Beck Anxiety Inventory scores led to a 1.06 times decreased consumption of water and a 1.04 times decreased consumption of meat and poultry, fruit (fresh), and rice/pasta, either before or after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusion During the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, anxiety led to changes in multiple sclerosis patients’ nutritional habits and food preferences. The continuous surveillance of psychological consequences and nutritional counseling during outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide.

Change of the thyroid gland volume is often the symptom of most common pathological conditions some thyroid diseases. The exact calculation for the thyroid volume is very important for the assessment and management of thyroid disorders. The volume of thyroid gland, using computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been accessed in few studies published; however a gold standard method has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study was to estimate the volume of normal thyroid gland to define an optimal correction factor therefore was to compare different techniques using the CT. We used computed tomography images obtained from 8 cadavers (2 females, 6 males) to calculate the thyroid volumes. In the present study, the actual thyroid volumes were measured using the water-displacement method as a gold standard, point-counting as a stereology, and ellipsoid methods. Mean squared errors and correction factors were calculated and modeled for each model to find an optimal correction factor and from 0.450 to 0.600 in steps of 0.001 separately for thyroid volume estimation. The average volume of the thyroid glands were 14.58 ± 9.84, 15.28 ± 9.38, and 14.97 ± 8.35 cm3 by fluid displacement, stereology and ellipsoid formula, respectively. No significant difference was found among the methods (P >0.05). The results of this study suggested that the volume of thyroid gland can be measured on CT scans stereologically for diagnosis, as will as provide reliable measure of thyroid volume, management and follow-up of thyroid diseases and for preoperative planning.

El cambio de volumen de la glándula tiroides es a menudo el síntoma de las condiciones patológicas más comunes de algunas enfermedades de dicha glándula. El cálculo exacto del volumen tiroideo es muy importante para la evaluación y el tratamiento de los trastornos tiroideos. El volumen de la glándula tiroides, utilizando la tomografía computarizada (TC), el ultrasonido (USG) y la resonancia magnética (RM) ha sido presentados en varias publicaciones. Sin embargo, aún no se ha determinado un gold standard. El propósito de este estudio fue estimar el volumen de la glándula tiroides normal para definir un factor de corrección óptimo, por lo que se compararon diferentes técnicas utilizando TC. Para calcular los volúmenes tiroideos se utilizaron imágenes de tomografía computarizada obtenidas de 8 cadáveres (dos mujeres y seis hombres). En el presente estudio, los volúmenes reales de la glándula tiroides se midieron utilizando como gold standard los métodos esterológicos de desplazamiento de agua y conteo de puntos y el método volumétrico elipsoide. Se calcularon y modelaron los errores cuadráticos medios y los factores de corrección para cada modelo con el objetivo de encontrar un factor de corrección óptimo y de 0,450 a 0,600 en pasos de 0,001 por separado para la estimación del volumen tiroideo. El volumen medio de las glándulas tiroides fue de 14,58 ± 9,84, 15,28 ± 9,38 y 14,97 ± 8,35 cm3 calculados por desplazamiento de fluido, estereología y fórmula elipsoide, respectivamente. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los métodos (P>0,05). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el volumen de la glándula tiroides puede ser medido estereológicamente por TC, estableciéndose como una medida fiable del volumen tiroideo, para el diagnóstico, manejo y seguimiento de las enfermedades tiroideas y la planificación preoperatoria.

This study reports tympanic cavity (TC) volume in newborns, which was missing in the literature. Ex vivo histology and computerized tomography (CT) scans were performed on temporal bone and data were analyzed in part using software developed in house. CT images with a slice thickness of 0.5 mm were obtained from 5 newborn cadavers and analyzed independently by two expert researchers. The border of the TC was delineated manually and measurement of area of interest was calculated on masked images. Then, the area measurements from all sections were added to estimate the total volume. The agreements between the histological and CT findings were then compared for accuracy, repeatability and reliability. The Dice and Jaccard similarity coefficient measures were used as a statistical validation metric to evaluate the assessor's performance in manual volume segmentation. Good assessor agreement was observed with average Dice values above 0.8 indicating that consistent and reliable volume measurements were feasible. The proposed protocol was shown to be accurate in calculating the TC volume, and thus can be used for computer-assisted presurgical planning or for diagnosing structural alterations in TC.

El objetivo fue determinar el volumen de la cavidad timpánica (CT) en recién nacidos, información no encontrada en la literatura. Se realizaron escaners a través de tomografia computadorizada (TC) y estudios histológicos en el hueso temporal; los datos se analizaron utilizando un software desarrollado en nuestra institución. Se obtuvieron imágenes de secciones de TC, de 0,5 mm de grosor, a partir de 5 cadáveres de recién nacidos, los que fueron analizados de forma independiente por dos investigadores expertos. El margen de los cortes de TC fue delineado manualmente y la medición del área de interés se estimó sobre imágenes ocultas. Después, se añadieron las mediciones de área de todas las secciones para estimar el volumen total. Las concordancias entre el estudio histológico y los hallazgos de la TC se compararon en cuanto a precisión, repetibilidad y confiabilidad. Se utilizaron las medidas de coeficiente de similitud de Jaccard y Dice como métrica de validación estadística para evaluar el desempeño del asesor en la medición manual del volumen. Se observó una buena correlación del evaluador con los valores medios de Dice, por encima de 0,8 indicando que es factible obtener mediciones coherentes y confiables de volumen. El protocolo propuesto ha demostrado ser preciso para calcular el volumen de la CT, y por lo tanto se puede utilizar para la planificación prequirúrgica asistida o para el diagnóstico de alteraciones estructurales en la CT.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and haemostatic agents such as Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the microtensile bond strength between dual cured resin cement-dentin interface. Material and Methods Twelve pressed lithium disilicate glass ceramics were luted to flat occlusal dentin surfaces with Panavia F under the following conditions: Control Group: no contamination, Group Blood: blood contamination, Group ABS: ABS contamination Group H2O2: H2O2 contamination. The specimens were sectioned to the beams and microtensile testing was carried out. Failure modes were classified under stereomicroscope. Two specimens were randomly selected from each group, and SEM analyses were performed. Results There were significant differences in microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) between the control and blood-contaminated groups (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences found between the control and the other groups (p>0.05). Conclusions Contamination by blood of dentin surface prior to bonding reduced the bond strength between resin cement and the dentin. Ankaferd Blood Stoper and H2O2 could be used safely as blood stopping agents during cementation of all-ceramics to dentin to prevent bond failure due to blood contamination.