<i>Goupia glabra</i> does not recover its timber stock after a 35-year logging cycle in the Brazilian Amazon: evidence from long-term multi-area monitoring

VIEIRA, Sabrina Benmuyal; RUSCHEL, Ademir Roberto; FERREIRA, Joice Nunes; MAZZEI, Lucas José de Freitas; SOUZA, Cintia Rodrigues de; EMMERT, Fabiano; NASCIMENTO, Rodrigo Geroni Mendes

doi:10.1590/1809-4392202302191

Figures (4)
Tables (3)

Figure 1 Location of the six study areas in the Brazilian Amazon. I-AP-JARI: municipality of Vitória do Jari, Amapá state; II-PA-Tapajós: municipality of Belterra, Pará state; III-PA-Moju: municipality of Moju, Pará state; IV-PA-Cikel: municipality of Paragominas, Pará state; V-AM-Mil 1, VI-AM-Mil 2: municipality of Itacoatiara, Amazonas state.

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Figure 2 Tree density (A), dominance (B), DBH (C) and number of trees (D) of Goupia glabra with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 20 cm in the pre-logging measurement in six study areas in the Brazilian Amazon. The box indicates the interquartile range; the horizontal line the median; the vertical lines the range; and the points indicate outliers. Distinct letters above the box-plots indicate a statistical difference between the areas according to a Dunn’s test (p < 0.05). Numbers above the histograms in (D) are the number of individuals.

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Figure 3 Tree density per diametric class of Goupia glabra in six study areas in the Brazilian Amazon (I-AP-Jari, II-PA-Tapajós, III-PA-Moju, IV-PA-Cikel, V-AM-Mil 1, and VI-AM-Mil 2) in the pre-logging and last post-logging monitoring period. The asterisk (*) indicates that no G. glabra trees were harvested in this area.

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Figure 4 Tree density (A), dominance (B), DBH (diameter at breast height) (C) and number of trees (D) of Goupia glabra with DBH ≥ 20 cm in each measurement carried out during the monitoring period in six study areas in the Brazilian Amazon (I-AP-Jari, II-PA-Tapajós, III-PA-Moju, IV-PA-Cikel, V-AM-Mil 1 and VI-AM-Mil 2). W = value of a Wilcoxon test comparing the first and last measurement at each study area; p = significance level. The asterisk (*) indicates the area where no G. glabra trees were harvested. The box indicates the interquartile range; the horizontal line the median; the vertical lines the range; and the points indicate outliers. Distinct letters above the box-plots indicate a statistical difference between the areas according to a Dunn’s test (p < 0.05). Numbers above the histograms in (D) are the number of individuals.

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Table 1 Descriptive parameters of the six experimental areas of forest management in different regions of the Brazilian Amazon where recovery of Goupia glabra was monitored. PP = permanent plots; APU = annual production unit.

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Table 2 Descriptive parameters of the continuous forest inventory for all trees with a DBH ≥ 20 cm in the six experimental areas of forest management in different regions of the Brazilian Amazon where recovery of Goupia glabra was monitored. Data are presented for the whole community of monitored timber species and for G. glabra in particular. MCD = minimum cutting diameter; MID = minimum inclusion diameter; LI = logging intensity shown in tree density, basal area and volume; % Logging = percentage of stand suitable for logging.

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Table 3 Recovery rate and time of G. glabra tree populations after logging in six study areas in the Brazilian Amazon after an estimated 35-year period based on the annual periodic increment (API_d) and mortality rate (M) of the remaining trees (DBH = 20.0-49.9 cm). We also show the diameter of the trees that reached the diameter limit for cutting (DBH ≥ 50 cm) in each area (DBH_m) at 35 years. LI = logging intensity. API_d and DBH_m values are the mean ± standard deviation.

Identification	I- AP-Jari	II- PA-Tapajós	III- PA-Moju	IV- PA-Cikel	V- AM-Mil 1	VI- AM-Mil 2
Experimental area	Jari Florestal	Flona Tapajós	Campo Moju	Cikel Group	Mil Madeiras APU-B	Mil Madeiras APU-C
Municipality	Vitória do Jari	Belterra	Moju	Paragominas	Itacoatiara	Itacoatiara
State	Amapá	Pará	Pará	Pará	Amazonas	Amazonas
Vegetation (MMA 2006; IBGE 2012)	Alluvial dense ombrophilous forest	Alluvial dense ombrophilous forest	Lowland dense ombrophilous forest	Dense submontane rainforest	Alluvial dense ombrophilous forest	Alluvial dense ombrophilous forest
Predominant soil (IBGE 2008)	Dystrophic red-yellow latosol	Dystrophic yellow latosol and ortic quartzarenic neossol	Dystrophic yellow latosol with clay texture	Dystrophic yellow latosol	Dystrophic yellow latosol	Dystrophic yellow latosol
Climate (Alvares et al. 2013)	Am	Am	Af	Aw	Af	Af
Average annual temperature (ºC)	26.5	25.0	26.0	27.2	25.5	25.5
Annual rainfall (mm)	1,850 - 2,550	2,300 - 2,800	1,500 - 3,300	1,800 - 2,300	2.000 - 2.500	2.000 - 2.500
Average annual humidity (%)	92	86	85	81	85	85
Total number of plots	40	60	22	36	14	13
Total area of plots (ha)	40	15	11	9	14	13
Plot size (m x m)	100 x 100	50 x 50	50 x 100	50 x 50	100 x 100	100 x 100
Logging year	1985	1982	1995	2003	1996/1997	1997
Monitoring years	1984; 1986; 1988; 1990; 1994; 1996 2004; 2011	1981; 1983; 1987; 1989; 1995; 2003; 2008; 2012	1995; 1998; 2004 2010; 2015	2003; 2004; 2005; 2007; 2008; 2011; 2018; 2023	1996; 1998; 2001; 2014	1997; 2001; 2014
Overall monitoring time (years)	26.6	31.1	20.1	20.6	17.2	16.6

Identification	I- AP-Jari	II- PA-Tapajós	III- PA-Moju	IV- PA-Cikel	V- AM-Mil 1	VI- AM-Mil 2
Study areas	Jari Florestal	Flona Tapajós	Campo Moju	Cikel Group	Mil Madeiras APU-B	Mil Madeiras APU-C
MCD (cm)	50	45	50	50	50	50
MID (cm)	20	20	20	20	20	20
Tree density (trees ha-¹)	177.48 ± 0.35	145.33 ± 4.19	186.55 ± 1.22	183.89 ± 0.55	207.50 ± 1.18	216.31 ± 1.62
Basal area (m² ha-¹)	22.79 ± 0.05	19.88 ± 0.54	20.74 ± 0.20	22.04 ± 0.13	24.82 ± 0.21	23.08 ± 0,50
LI (trees ha-¹)	4.89	11.83	2.91	4.17	6.93	3.00
LI G. glabra (trees ha-¹)	1.47	0.67	0.09	0.00	0.29	0.07
LI (m² ha-¹)	2.64	4.87	1.53	1.14	2.65	0.145
LI G. glabra (m² ha-¹)	0.696	0.327	0.055	0.000	0.123	0.007
LI (m³ ha-¹)	43.43	66.60	15.99	15.57	35.09	2.123
% Logging G. glabra	43.16	97.98	17.10	0.00	24.54	2.64

Area	Recovery rate (%)	Period	Post-logging monitoring period (years)	API_d (cm year^-1)	M (% year^-1)	DBH_m (cm)	Recovery time (years)
I-AP-Jari	15	1986-2011	25	0.36 ± 0.27	0.96	37.5	83
II-PA-Tapajós	25	1983-2012	29	0.62 ± 0.21	0.00	28.6	48
III-PA-Moju	12	1998-2015	17	0.48 ± 0.35	4.00	33.4	63
*IV-PA-Cikel	20	2004-2023	19	0.42 ± 0.29	0.00	35.4	71
V-AM-Mil 1	14	1998-2014	16	0.36 ± 0.28	0.72	37.4	83
VI-AM-Mil 2	85	2001-2015	14	0.52 ± 0.21	0.44	31.8	58

[TFN1] The asterisk (*) indicates that no G. glabra trees were harvested in the area.

Goupia glabra does not recover its timber stock after a 35-year logging cycle in the Brazilian Amazon: evidence from long-term multi-area monitoring

Goupia glabra não recupera seu estoque de madeira após um ciclo de corte de 35 anos na Amazônia brasileira: evidências de monitoramento de longo prazo em múltiplas áreas

ABSTRACT