On the presence of the subnarial foramen in <i>Prestosuchus chiniquensis</i> (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) with remarks on its phylogenetic distribution

Many authors have discussed the subnarial foramen in Archosauriformes. Here presence among Archosauriformes, shape, and position of this structure is reported and its phylogenetic importance is investigated. Based on distribution and the phylogenetic tree, it probably arose independently in Erythrosuchus, Herrerasaurus, and Paracrocodylomorpha. In Paracrocodylomorpha the subnarial foramen is oval-shaped, placed in the middle height of the main body of the maxilla, and does not reach the height of ascending process. In basal loricatans from South America (Prestosuchus chiniquensis and Saurosuchus galilei) the subnarial foramen is 'drop-like' shaped, the subnarial foramen is located above the middle height of the main body of the maxilla, reaching the height of ascending process, a condition also present in Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. These results suggest that this structure might be phylogenetically important and further investigation with a large set of valid taxa is necessary to properly evaluate its importance among Archosauria.

Key words:
Archosauria; extra cranial opening; Santa Maria Formation; Brazil

Authorship

LÚCIO ROBERTO-DA-SILVA

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de , Av. Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, BrasilUniversidade Federal deBrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de , Av. Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil

Laboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Bairro São José, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, BrasilUniversidade Luterana do BrasilBrazilCanoas, RS, BrazilLaboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Bairro São José, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brasil

MARCO A.G. FRANÇA

Laboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução de Petrolina, Campus de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407, Km12, Lote 543, 56300-000 Petrolina, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Vale do São FranciscoBrazilPetrolina, PE, BrazilLaboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução de Petrolina, Campus de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407, Km12, Lote 543, 56300-000 Petrolina, PE, Brasil

SÉRGIO F. CABREIRA

RODRIGO T. MÜLLER

SÉRGIO DIAS-DA-SILVA

Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa da Quarta Colônia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rua Maximiliano Vizzotto, 598, 97230-000 São João do Polêsine, RS, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSão João do Polêsine, RS, BrazilCentro de Apoio à Pesquisa da Quarta Colônia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rua Maximiliano Vizzotto, 598, 97230-000 São João do Polêsine, RS, Brasil

Correspondence to: Sérgio Dias-da-Silva E-mail: paleosp@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1
Schematic drawing of ULBRA-PVT-281, a complete skull and a partial postcranial skeleton. Abbreviations: clv, clavicle; co, coracoid; cv, cervical vertebra; f, fibula; gst, gastralia; hu, humerus; lj, lower jaw; ost, osteoderm; rb, rib; sc, scapula; sk, skull; t, tibia; trs, tarsus; tv, trunk vertebra.

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Figure 2
Location of the "Posto Site" in the municipality of Dona Francisca in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Geological units according to Zerfass et al. (2007ZERFASS H, SANDER A and FLORES AE. 2007. Agudo, Folha SH.22-V.C.V, escala 1:100.000, Rio Grande do Sul Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), Brasília, 97 p.).

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Figure 3
Stratigraphic framework of the Triassic package from southern Brazil showing the Riograndia AZ; Hyperdapedon AZ; Santracruzodon AZ; Dinodontosaurus AZ; and Procolophon AZ. Rauisuchian outline in black indicates Prestosuchus chiniquensis level. Modified from Zerfass et al. (2003ZERFASS H, LAVINA EL, SCHULTZ CL, GARCIA AJV, FACCINI UF and CHEMALE Jr F. 2003. Sequence stratigraphy of continental Triassic strata of Southernmost Brazil: a contribution to Southwestern Gondwana paleogeography and paleoclimate. Sediment Geol 161: 85-105.), Desojo et al. (2011DESOJO JB, EZCURRA MD AND SCHULTZ CL. 2011. An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae. Zool J Linn Soc 161: 839-871.) and Horn et al. (2014HORN BLD, MELO TM, SCHULTZ CL, PHILIPP RP, KLOSS HP and GOLDBERG K. 2014. A new third-order sequence stratigraphic framework applied to the Triassic of the Paraná Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on structural, stratigraphic and paleontological data. J S Am Earth Sci 55: 123-132.). Geological timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2012GRADSTEIN F, OGG J, SCHMITZ M and OGG G. 2012. The geological time scale 2012. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1129 p.).

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Figure 4
Photograph and interpretative drawing depicting the rostral region of ULBRA-PVT-281. Abbreviations: d, dentary; mx, maxilla; pmg, premaxillar groove; pmx, premaxilla; sf, subnarial foramen. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

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Figure 5
Schematic drawing depicting the rostral region of selected archosauriforms in left lateral view. The subnarial fenestra is depicted in black. a, Prestosuchus chiniquensis ULBRA-PVT-281; b, Saurosuchus galilei; c, Luperasuchus fractus; d, Decuriasuchus quartacolonia; e, Postosuchus kirkpatricki; f, Prestosuchus chiniquensis UFRGS-PV-0629-T; g, Shansisuchus shansisuchus; h, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; i, Batrachotomus kupferzellensis.

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Figure 6
Simplified strict consensus of 81 MPTs depicting the distribution of the new character among the OTUs. Numbers associated with nodes represent Bootstrap values and Bremer support (between parenthesis).

Figure 1 Schematic drawing of ULBRA-PVT-281, a complete skull and a partial postcranial skeleton. Abbreviations: clv, clavicle; co, coracoid; cv, cervical vertebra; f, fibula; gst, gastralia; hu, humerus; lj, lower jaw; ost, osteoderm; rb, rib; sc, scapula; sk, skull; t, tibia; trs, tarsus; tv, trunk vertebra.

Figure 2 Location of the "Posto Site" in the municipality of Dona Francisca in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Geological units according to Zerfass et al. (2007ZERFASS H, SANDER A and FLORES AE. 2007. Agudo, Folha SH.22-V.C.V, escala 1:100.000, Rio Grande do Sul Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), Brasília, 97 p.).

Figure 3 Stratigraphic framework of the Triassic package from southern Brazil showing the Riograndia AZ; Hyperdapedon AZ; Santracruzodon AZ; Dinodontosaurus AZ; and Procolophon AZ. Rauisuchian outline in black indicates Prestosuchus chiniquensis level. Modified from Zerfass et al. (2003ZERFASS H, LAVINA EL, SCHULTZ CL, GARCIA AJV, FACCINI UF and CHEMALE Jr F. 2003. Sequence stratigraphy of continental Triassic strata of Southernmost Brazil: a contribution to Southwestern Gondwana paleogeography and paleoclimate. Sediment Geol 161: 85-105.), Desojo et al. (2011DESOJO JB, EZCURRA MD AND SCHULTZ CL. 2011. An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae. Zool J Linn Soc 161: 839-871.) and Horn et al. (2014HORN BLD, MELO TM, SCHULTZ CL, PHILIPP RP, KLOSS HP and GOLDBERG K. 2014. A new third-order sequence stratigraphic framework applied to the Triassic of the Paraná Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on structural, stratigraphic and paleontological data. J S Am Earth Sci 55: 123-132.). Geological timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2012GRADSTEIN F, OGG J, SCHMITZ M and OGG G. 2012. The geological time scale 2012. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1129 p.).

Figure 4 Photograph and interpretative drawing depicting the rostral region of ULBRA-PVT-281. Abbreviations: d, dentary; mx, maxilla; pmg, premaxillar groove; pmx, premaxilla; sf, subnarial foramen. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

Figure 5 Schematic drawing depicting the rostral region of selected archosauriforms in left lateral view. The subnarial fenestra is depicted in black. a, Prestosuchus chiniquensis ULBRA-PVT-281; b, Saurosuchus galilei; c, Luperasuchus fractus; d, Decuriasuchus quartacolonia; e, Postosuchus kirkpatricki; f, Prestosuchus chiniquensis UFRGS-PV-0629-T; g, Shansisuchus shansisuchus; h, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; i, Batrachotomus kupferzellensis.

Figure 6 Simplified strict consensus of 81 MPTs depicting the distribution of the new character among the OTUs. Numbers associated with nodes represent Bootstrap values and Bremer support (between parenthesis).

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On the presence of the subnarial foramen in <i>Prestosuchus chiniquensis</i> (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) with remarks on its phylogenetic distribution

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[1] Correspondence to: Sérgio Dias-da-Silva E-mail: paleosp@gmail.com