Updated and annotated checklist of recent mammals from Brazil

: An updated and annotated checklist of mammals occurring in Brazil is presented. A total of 751 native species, distributed in 249 genera, 51 families and 11 orders were recorded to the country. The Brazilian mammalian fauna shows an elevated rate of endemism (30%; 223 species). Among the species evaluated by IUCN (668 species; 90%), a total of 80 (10.6% of total mammalian fauna) are Threatened, 28 (3.9%) are considered as Near Threatened, two species (0.3%) are presumable Extinct, 96 (12.8%) are considered with Defi cient Data for conservation and 462 (61.6%) are considered as Least Concern. Fifteen new species were described since the last national compilation (published in 2017), which associated to new records to the country and synonimizations resulted in an increment of 30 species. Eight non-native species were introduced to the country, including the recently established Asiatic cervids Rusa unicolor (sambar) and Axis axis (chital). Seven native species (fi ve primates and two hystricomorph rodents) have been translocated from their areas of natural occurrence to other areas inside the country.


INTRODUCTION
Currently, more than 6,400 mammal species are recognized worldwide. The Neotropics is the most diverse biogeographic realm, comprising around 25% of the mammalian diversity (Burgin et al. 2018). Within the Neotropical realm, Brazil is the largest country, covering an area nearly half of South America and housing two of the hotspots for the world conservation of biodiversity (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest) (Myers et al. 2000), as well as a great part of the Amazon Forest. Some authors (Mittermeier et al. 1997, Costa et al. 2005 have considered Brazil as the country with the highest mammalian diversity in the world.
Considerable attempts have been made to dimension the Brazilian mammalian diversity (Fonseca et al. 1996, Vivo 1996, Costa et al. 2005, Reis et al. 2006, 2011, Paglia et al. 2012, Percequillo & Gregorin 2017 and each new list adds new species as the result of a crescent effort on fi eld sampling and taxonomic revisions (Fonseca et al. 1996, Paglia et al. 2012. The last compilation of mammals from Brazil (Percequillo & Gregorin 2017) listed a total of 721 species (or 778 valid nominal taxa, including subspecies). This list was produced as part of a joint effort of the Brazilian Society of Zoology aiming to produce an online database of the Brazilian fauna. It brought an accretion of 20 species in relation to the previous list of mammals occurring in Brazil (Paglia et al. 2012) and represents a very useful reference for the diversity of the group in the country. However, several new taxa described posteriorly to Paglia et al. (2012) were omitted by Percequillo & Gregorin (2017) (e.g. Hrbek et al. 2014, Feijó et al. 2015, Moratelli & Dias 2015, Christoff et al. 2016, Pavan et al. 2017. Moreover, some taxonomic revisions resulting in nomenclatural changes conducted posteriorly to Paglia et al. (2012) annotated list (e.g. Berta & Churchill 2012, Feijó & Cordeiro-Estrela 2016, Nascimento & Feijó 2017 were not considered by Percequillo & Gregorin (2017). Still, progress in alpha-taxonomy has already been made after the compilation of Percequillo & Gregorin (2017) (e.g. Percequillo et al. 2017, Boubli et al. 2018, Garbino et al. 2019, Miranda et al. 2018, Feijó et al. 2018, Serrano-Villavicencio et al. 2019, Pavan 2019, Feijó et al. 2019. These three factors drew attention to the need for a reassessment of the mammalian diversity occurring in Brazilian territory. Information on alpha-taxonomy is crucial in this current period of accelerated loss of biodiversity (Grieneisen et al. 2014). In this view, lists of species are of great importance for knowledge on regional diversity and the development of conservation plans. Herein, we compile all the information available about the valid mammalian species occurring in Brazil to the present date, aiming to produce an updated and annotated list for the country. This new compilation presents all new taxa described since the publication of Paglia et al. (2012) and Percequillo & Gregorin's (2017) lists as well as taxonomic modifications occurred since then, accompanied by justifications based on recent findings. We also included available and unpublished data on the status of exotic and invasive mammalian species in Brazil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present annotated checklist was produced based on the two previous published lists of Brazilian mammals (Paglia et al. 2012, Percequillo & Gregorin 2017). An extensive research on all information (scientific articles, books and book chapters) published from 2012 to August 2019 was made on platforms Google, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science, using as search terms the name of each genus and family presented on each previous lists (Paglia et al. 2012, Percequillo & Gregorin 2017 associated to "Brazil" and "New" (examples: "Didelphidae Brazil", "new Didelphidae", "Monodelphis Brazil", "new Monodelphis"). The search terms "Sigmodontinae Brazil", "new Sigmodontinae", "new genus mammal Brazil" and "new genus Mammalia Brazil" were also applied. The contents of each genus were also compared with the Mammal Diversity Database (www.mammaldiversity.org) (ASM 2019). We also checked the Brazilian institutional platform of academic productivity (Plataforma Lattes, accessed on: lattes.cnpq.br) for the latest scientific articles published by the main mammalian taxonomists in activity in Brazil. All the new taxa described after the publication of the latest list (Percequillo & Gregorin 2017) were added to this new list together with information on type locality and distribution. The taxonomic modifications as well as new evidences for taxa revalidation or refutation occurred after the publication of Percequillo & Gregorin's (2017) list were included as 'Remarks' containing justifications based on the respective researches. We have also included as 'Remarks' observations on forms with unstable taxonomy investigated in the last two years, even when in nomenclatural concordance with Percequillo & Gregorin (2017). Information on status of conservation of all species was given based on the latest evaluation of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and on the Brazilian Red List (ICMBio 2018). The species endemic to the country were also indicated.
Finally, we present a section including the list of all allochthonous species so far recorded living in the wild in natural environments in Brazil, as well as the native displaced species. That information was obtained by published data (articles, books, and book chapters), unpublished data (doctoral thesis, master's dissertations, meeting communications) and personal communications of researchers. We included only wild non-native species, excluding feral and free-roaming domestic species (Canis familiaris, Felis catus, Bos sp., Equus sp., Capra sp.). To know more about these domestic species, see Rosa et al. (2017a).

REMARKS Order Didelphimorphia
• 1. Gracilinanus peruanus (Tate, 1931)   Kerodon rupestris (Wied Neuwied, 1820): the rock cavy K. rupestris is a rodent native to the Brazilian Caatinga biome. In 1967, the species was introduced to Fernando de Noronha Archipelago by military personnel as hunting game, and an established population occurs until today (Pimentel 2011, Rosa et al. 2017a. No other non-native populations of K. rupestris are known to occur in Brazil.

DISCUSSION
Brazilian mammalogy is passing through an accelerated period of investigative taxonomy. The first compilation of Brazilian mammals (Fonseca et al. 1996)  The negative effects of introduced (nonnative or native) mammalian species are far known (see Rosa et al. 2017a). Reis et al. (2006Reis et al. ( , 2011 also concerned on listing the non-native species established in natural environments in Brazil and in that time this species were restricted to the murid rodents M. musculus, R. novergicus and R. rattus, the European hare L. europaeus, the wild boar S. scrofa and the water buffalo B. bubalis. Since them, the cervids Axis axis and Rusa unicolor were detected in the wild respectively in Atlantic Forest-Cerrado transitional area and Pampa environments, raising to eight the number of non-native mammals introduced to the country. Another very relevant issue is the occurrence of native displaced species, comprising five species of primates and two species of hystricomorph rodents. The potential impacts of both native and non-native species, as well as the recommendations for management and policy, are discussed in Rosa et al. (2017a).
Around 10% (80 species) of the Brazilian mammalian fauna is threatened in a global scale. However, the Brazilian Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (ICMBio 2018) listed a total of 110 taxa (15% of the total species), which implies that many species considered regionaly threatened (e.g. Thylamys macrurus, T. velutinus, Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Leopardus geoffroyi, L. guttulus, Puma concolor) are not considered globally threatened. This situation is especially notable for order Carnivora considering that only two from the 12 species included in the Brazilian list (ICMBio 2018) were considered as threatened by IUCN (2019). On the other hand, most of the primate species considered regionally threatened were also evaluated as globally threatened. Together with these two orders, rodents also contribute substantially for both Brazilian and global lists. Most of the primate and rodent threatened species are endemic to Brazil. In general, the Brazilian mastofauna has an impressive endemism rate, comprising more than a quarter of the species accounted for the country. Around 22% of the endemic species (50 species) are threatened and a similar percentage has Data Deficient for conservation according to IUCN (2019). Therefore, endemic species comprise the greatest part of the threatened mammalian fauna in Brazil (62%). Many of these species are distributed mainly in non-protected areas as well as the non-endemic threatened taxa. The loss, fragmentation and decharacterization of the natural environments represent the greatest threats to the mammalian fauna in Brazil (Costa et al. 2005, ICMBio 2018, and outside the protected areas, populations are extremely susceptible to these deleterious factors. Thus, the creation of new conservation units and the expansion of the established protected areas are crucial for mammalian conservation in Brazil. The near future of mammalogy in Brazil is a quite delicate matter. On the one hand, we have an enormous potential for the discovery of new species and a wide field of research for many systematic, evolutionary, ecology, phylogeography, population genetics open questions. On the other hand, we have an unfavorable scenario for the biological conservation in the country. The current Brazilian Forest Code (established in 2012) is very ineffective for the maintenance of the areas covered by native vegetation, and is especially damaging to Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, where only 20% of the natural areas is required as preserved within private properties. Atlantic Forest and Cerrado are recognized biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000) and have a crucial role in mammalian conservation in Brazil (Costa et al. 2005). Moreover, the new Brazilian government is absolutely antagonistic to the scientific development and biological conservation. The Ministry of Environment has drastically weakened on its crucial role of regularization of rural properties and control of the protected areas. Additionally, there has been a dramatic budget reduction in scientific research in recent years. In summary, the current panorama of uncertainty and instability of Brazilian science and weaken environmental rules are not consistent with the status of the country as the world's highest biodiversity, which includes an impressive mammalian fauna.