Artisanal fishers’ local ecological knowledge and attitudes toward conservation about the shrimp (<i>Xiphopenaeus kroyeri</i>) on the Brazilian central coast

MUSIELLO-FERNANDES, JOELSON; ZAPPES, CAMILAH A.; BRAGA, HEITOR O.; HOSTIM-SILVA, MAURICIO

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120191047

person JOELSON MUSIELLO-FERNANDES

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental (PPGOAM), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais (CCHN), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, BrazilschoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), CEUNES, Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes Marinhos, PPGBT, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, Litorâneo, s/n, 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil

0000-0001-6609-4474

person CAMILAH A. ZAPPES

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental (PPGOAM), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais (CCHN), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, BrazilschoolUniversidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências da Sociedade e Desenvolvimento Regional, Departamento de Geografia, Rua José do Patrocínio, 71, Centro, 28010-385 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil

0000-0002-5486-6577

person HEITOR O. BRAGA

schoolDepartment of Biology & CESAM -Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal

0000-0002-9627-115X

person MAURICIO HOSTIM-SILVA

schoolPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental (PPGOAM), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais (CCHN), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, BrazilschoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), CEUNES, Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes Marinhos, PPGBT, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, Litorâneo, s/n, 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil

0000-0001-5061-9125

Correspondence to: Joelson Musiello-Fernandes E-mail: joelson.pesca@gmail.com

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Joelson Musiello Fernandes: Responsible for the execution of the research article, conducted the collected, data analysis and wrote the manuscript. Camilah Antunes Zappes and Mauricio Hostim Silva: contributed to orientation, assisting in the execution of the article, data analysis and reviewed the manuscript. Heitor Oliveira Braga: Responsible for assisting in the statistical analysis and reviewed the manuscript.

Topics	Questions	Number of questions (percentage of questionnaire)
1. Profile of the interviewee	- Age. - Schooling. - Fishing time in the region. - If fisher has always fished for shrimp.	4 (15%)
2. LEK of fishermen	- Popular name. - Ecological description of habitat, maximum depth, migration in population. - Biological description of development: fast or slow growth, whether they are eggs or larvae at some stage of life, and whether the females carry eggs together/inside the body. - Biological description of longevity: how long does it live? - Biological description of reproduction: when do they reproduce? - Ecological description of predators: which animals feed on shrimp? - Diet: what are the shrimp prey?	12 (46%)
3. Attitudes toward conservation	- Do you think it is necessary to stop shrimp fishing at some period? - Is it important to keep the marine environment clean? - Must shrimp be preserved? - Is there use for small shrimp?
3. Attitudes toward conservation	- What do you do when you catch small shrimp? - Is there a natural shrimp predator at sea? - Is the closed season respected? What about the minimum trawling depth? What mesh sizes do you use? - What is the destination of the bycatch?	10 (39%)

Questions	Information provided by fishers	Information provided by the scientific literature
Folk name	Camarão sete-barbas	Camarão sete-barbas (Costa et al. 2007, Castilho et al. 2015).
Habitat/Migration	“This shrimp can be found only at sea.” “You cannot find it in rivers.”	The entire cycle occurs in open sea or in coastal environments under the influence of saline waters, and it occurs in bays but never in estuaries (Costa et al. 2003).
	“We fished more amounts close to the coast up to 20 meters deep.”	In general, it lives exclusively in the marine environment throughout its life cycle, and its greatest abundances are reported in shallow depths (< 30 m) (Silva et al. 2018).
	“There are always small and large shrimp in the same region.”	All phases of the life cycle - larvae, juveniles and adults - occur in the same region in coastal areas, including bays with salinity above 30 (Branco 2005).
	“They stay in the same region.”	The species spends its entire life cycle in the same environment, and it does not depend on estuaries for the development of juveniles (Castro et al. 2005).

Development/ Longevity	“Fast growth.” “Today, it is small; tomorrow, it may be large”	Rapid growth (Flores-Hernandéz et al. 2006, Fernandes et al. 2011, Heckler et al. 2013).
	“They have eggs.”	During their life cycle, the shrimp go through a larval phase (eggs) (Dall et al. 1990).
	“Females carry the eggs.” “There are times when we only catch females with eggs.”	In Dendrobranchiata, female shrimp release the eggs directly into the water (Costa et al. 2003).
	Lack of information	Longevity is approximately 18 months (Neiva & Wise 1963, Anger 2001, Reis et al. 2017, Silva et al. 2018).

Reproduction/ Recruitment	“Reproduces year-round.” “Here, it is small; on the bottom or in another place, it can be large.” “There are always small and large.”	Advanced maturation females are found year-round in Brazil (Castro et al. 2005, Martins et al. 2013).

Predator	“Small fish.”	Small fish (Camargo & Isaac 2004).

Prey	“Algae, moss, or similar.”	Benthic microalgae, organic matter, feeding on both benthic animals and primary food sources (Branco & Moritz-Junior 2001, Willems et al. 2016).

Artisanal fishers’ local ecological knowledge and attitudes toward conservation about the shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) on the Brazilian central coast

Abstract