Eye morphology of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) and Clymene dolphins (Stenella clymene)

Abstract

Recent studies showed that vision and hearing in dolphins are mechanisms for perception of the environment, and transmission of information among individuals. Considering that Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) are distributed in costal regions, and Clymene dolphins (Stenella clymene) are found in oceanic environments, the objective of this study was to compare the morphology of the eyes of these two species, assessing the differences in eye structures in both environments. Five specimens of Sotalia guianensis and four specimens of Stenella clymene were analyzed. All the specimens were found stranded in the northeastern coast of Brazil. Samples were fixated in 10% formaldehyde, dissected, photographed, processed, and analyzed by optical microscopy. The inferior palpebral region of the two species showed a granular layer, subcutaneous lymphoid tissue, and innervation. Morphometric values of the eyelid structures and eye bulb were greater in S. clymene. The cornea showed four layers in S. clymene: anterior epithelium, anterior lamina, stroma, and posterior lamina. The sclera of S. guianensis showed more melanocytes and presence of mechanoreceptors next to the Harderian gland. It is possible to suggest that the geographical distribution of these cetaceans determine their eye morphology, which is an adaptation to the intrinsic characteristics of the aquatic environment.

Key words
adaptation; aquatic mammals; cetaceans; eye; ocular structures