Environmental factors affect population structure of tree ferns in the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest

Schwartz, Carlos Eduardo; Gasper, André Luís de

doi:10.1590/0102-33062019abb0338

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Article • Acta Bot. Bras. 34 (1) • Jan-Mar 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062019abb0338 copy

Environmental factors affect population structure of tree ferns in the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Tree ferns are important elements of tropical forests, mainly because they are common and provide microhabitats for epiphytic plants. Due to their ecological importance, the aim of this study was to evaluate population structure, distribution, and influence of environmental variables on tree ferns in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. All tree ferns with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm on 418 sampling units (SUs) systematically distributed throughout the study area were measured (total sampled area of 153.4 ha). Population structure was evaluated through classical phytosociological parameters and the relationships among dominance and environmental variables were evaluated through multiple linear regression models. Dicksonia sellowiana presented the greatest importance value among all species (IV = 13.19 %), followed by Alsophila setosa (IV = 4.37 %) and Cyathea phalerata (IV = 2.71 %). Altitude and mean rainfall of the driest quarter were significantly related to the dominance of D. sellowiana in most of the SUs. The mean temperature of the driest quarter and aspect were significantly related to the dominance of Cyatheaceae. Our study demonstrates that tree ferns are important elements of forest communities in the state of Santa Catarina.

Keywords:
Cyatheaceae; Dicksoniaceae; environmental variables; population structure; regression analysis; tree ferns

Code	Description	Unit	Code	Description	Unit
Bio1	Annual Mean Temperature¹	ºC	Bio13	Precipitation of Wettest Month¹	mm
Bio2	Mean Diurnal Range¹	ºC	Bio14	Precipitation of Driest Month¹	mm
Bio3	Isothermality¹	%	Bio15	Precipitation Seasonality¹	mm
Bio4	Temperature Seasonality¹	ºC	Bio16	Precipitation of Wettest Quarter¹	mm
Bio5	Max Temperature of Warmest Month¹	ºC	Bio17	Precipitation of Driest Quarter¹	mm
Bio6	Min Temperature of Coldest Month¹	ºC	Bio18	Precipitation of Warmest Quarter¹	mm
Bio7	Temperature Annual Range¹	ºC	Bio19	Precipitation of Coldest Quarter¹	mm
Bio8	Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter¹	ºC	Rad_win	Solar radiation in winter¹	KJ.m^-².day^-¹
Bio9	Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter¹	ºC	Rad_sum	Solar radiation in summer¹	KJ.m^-².day^-¹
Bio10	Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter¹	ºC	-	Altitude²	m
Bio11	Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter¹	ºC	-	Slope²	%
Bio12	Annual Precipitation¹	mm	-	Aspect²	%

Region	Species	Ranking	N	SU	AD	RD	AF	RF	ADo	RDo	VI
All study area	Dicksonia sellowiana	1	5503	128	36.0079	5.5953	30.622	0.6416	1.7512	6.9607	13.1975
	Alsophila setosa	6	2890	120	18.9102	2.9385	28.7081	0.6015	0.2087	0.8297	4.3696
	Cyathea phalerata	21	1596	103	10.4431	1.6228	24.6411	0.5163	0.1443	0.5735	2.7126
	Cyathea delgadii	99	303	63	1.9826	0.3081	15.0718	0.3158	0.0305	0.1211	0.745
	Cyathea corcovadensis	106	310	55	2.0284	0.3152	13.1579	0.2757	0.0275	0.1094	0.7003
	Cyathea atrovirens	394	22	10	0.144	0.0224	2.3923	0.0501	0.0021	0.0082	0.0807
	Sphaeropteris gardneri	544	6	3	0.0393	0.0061	0.7177	0.015	0.0011	0.0043	0.0254
	Cyathea hirsuta	671	2	1	0.0131	0.002	0.2392	0.005	0.0001	0.0005	0.0076
	TOTAL	-	10632	-	69.5686	10.8104	115.5501	2.421	2.1655	8.6074	21.8387
SR	Alsophila setosa	2	2689	108	38.2673	5.2738	54.8223	0.9214	0.4239	1.6862	7.8814
	Cyathea phalerata	5	1576	101	22.4282	3.0909	51.269	0.8617	0.3092	1.23	5.1826
	Cyathea delgadii	53	301	62	4.2836	0.5903	31.4721	0.529	0.0652	0.2592	1.3785
	Dicksonia sellowiana	58	247	36	3.5151	0.4844	18.2741	0.3071	0.1075	0.4277	1.2192
	Cyathea corcovadensis	93	189	40	2.6897	0.3707	20.3046	0.3413	0.0374	0.1488	0.8608
	Cyathea atrovirens	289	21	10	0.2989	0.0412	5.0761	0.0853	0.0043	0.017	0.1435
	Sphaeropteris gardneri	434	6	3	0.0854	0.0118	1.5228	0.0256	0.0023	0.0093	0.0467
	Cyathea hirsuta	573	2	1	0.0285	0.0039	0.5076	0.0085	0.0003	0.0011	0.0136
	TOTAL	-	5031	361	71.5967	9.867	183.2486	3.0799	0.9501	3.7793	16.7263
SMF	Dicksonia sellowiana	1	5252	89	95.268	15.6138	62.2378	1.7027	4.7154	17.5955	34.912
	Alsophila setosa	69	167	8	3.0293	0.4965	5.5944	0.1531	0.0333	0.1242	0.7737
	Cyathea corcovadensis	113	70	11	1.2698	0.2081	7.6923	0.2104	0.0196	0.0732	0.4918
	Cyathea phalerata	214	18	3	0.3265	0.0535	2.0979	0.0574	0.0054	0.0201	0.131
	Cyathea delgadii	279	5	2	0.0907	0.0149	1.3986	0.0383	0.0022	0.0081	0.0612
	TOTAL	-	5512	113	99.9843	16.3868	79.021	2.1619	4.7759	17.8211	36.3697
SDF	Cyathea corcovadensis	88	51	4	1.8593	0.3716	5.1282	0.1328	0.018	0.0823	0.5867
	Alsophila setosa	105	34	4	1.2395	0.2477	5.1282	0.1328	0.0119	0.0543	0.4349
	Dicksonia sellowiana	152	4	3	0.1458	0.0291	3.8462	0.0996	0.0047	0.0216	0.1503
	TOTAL	-	89	11	3.2446	0.6484	14.1026	0.3652	0.0346	0.1582	1.1719

Species	Dicksonia sellowiana		Alsophila setosa		Cyathea corcovadensis		Cyathea delgadii		Cyathea phalerata		Cyatheaceae
Parameters	GWR	OLS	GWR	OLS	GWR	OLS	GWR	OLS	GWR	OLS	GWR	OLS
AICc	-589.09	-593.38	-1,149.03	-1,130.74	-656.65	-663.52	-758.31	-768.58	-1,022.62	-1,031.52	-1,627.09	-1,647.96
r	0.693	0.627	0.63	0.467	0.532	0.429	0.616	0.403	0.53	0.437	0.553	0.454
r²	0.48	0.393	0.397	0.218	0.283	0.184	0.38	0.163	0.281	0.191	0.306	0.206
r² aj	0.417	0.373	0.25	0.169	0.2	0.184	0.246	0.135	0.197	0.174	0.2	0.179
F (r²)	7.005	15.809	2.55	4.463	2.793	11.039	2.551	3.883	3.031	7.613	2.757	6.441
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.016	0.002	0.007	0.013	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Species	Variable	Standard Coefficient	VIF	t	p
Alsophila setosa	Constant	0	0	1.611	0.11
	Aspect	-0.162	1.145	-1.811	0.073
	Slope	-0.219	1.218	-2.379	0.019
	Bio4	0.201	1.61	1.892	0.061
	Bio8	-0.316	1.928	-2.722	0.008
	Bio9	-0.267	1.54	-2.58	0.011
	Bio18	0.209	1.541	2.019	0.046
	Rad_win	-0.323	2.012	-2.725	0.007
Cyathea corcovadensis	Constant	0	0	4.068	<0.001
Cyathea corcovadensis	Bio9	-0.429	1	-3.323	0.002
Cyathea delgadii	Constant	0	0	-1.078	0.286
	Aspect	-0.269	1.024	-2.253	0.028
	Bio12	-0.53	3.309	-2.465	0.017
	Bio18	0.456	3.313	2.119	0.038
Cyathea phalerata	Constant	0	0	3.71	<0.001
	Bio8	-0.39	1.288	-3.763	<0.001
	Rad_win	-0.185	1.217	-1.832	0.07
	Rad_sum	-0.187	1.078	-1.976	0.051
Cyatheaceae	Constant	0	0	2.987	0.003
	Slope	-0,113	1.165	-1.552	0.123
	Aspect	-0,117	1.225	-2.371	0.019
	Bio4	0,123	1.047	1.776	0.077
	Bio8	-0,261	2.593	-2.4	0.017
	Bio9	-0,213	2.142	-2.155	0.033
	Rad_win	-0,2	1.858	-2.177	0.031
	Rad_sum	-0,154	1.584	-1.807	0.072
Dicksonia sellowiana	Constant	0	0	5.202	<0.001
	Bio4	-0.629	2.376	-5.786	<0.001
	Bio8	-0.676	3.704	-4.98	<0.001
	Bio9	0.678	4.005	4.801	<0.001
	Bio12	-0.293	1.503	-3.386	<0.001
	Bio18	0.387	3.627	2.884	0.005

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[1] * Corresponding author: algasper@furb.br