Is conventional cardiac pacing harmful in patients with normal ventricular function?

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTO: A estimulação de ventrículo direito pode ser deletéria em pacientes com disfunção ventricular, porém, em pacientes com função normal, o impacto desta estimulação desencadeando disfunção ventricular clinicamente relevante não é completamente estabelecido. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a evolução clínica, ecocardiográfica e laboratorial de pacientes, com função ventricular esquerdapreviamente normal, submetidos a implante de marca-passo. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional transversal em que foram acompanhados de forma prospectiva 20 pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: função ventricular esquerda normal definida pelo ecocardiograma e estimulação ventricular superior a 90%. Foram avaliados: classe funcional (CF) (New York Heart Association), teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6), dosagem do hormônio natriurético tipo B (BNP), avaliação ecocardiográfica (convencional e parâmetros de dessincronismo) e questionário de qualidade de vida (QV) (SF-36). A avaliação foi feita com dez dias (t1), quatro meses (t2), oito meses (t3), 12 meses (t4) e 24 meses (t5). RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais e de dessincronismo não apresentaram variação estatística significante ao longo do tempo. O TC6, a CF e a dosagem de BNP apresentaram piora ao final dos dois anos. A QV teve melhora inicial e piora ao final dos dois anos. CONCLUSÃO: O implante de marca-passo convencional foi associado à piora da classe funcional, piora do teste de caminhada, aumento da dosagem de BNP, aumento da duração do QRS e piora em alguns domínios da QV ao final de dois anos. Não houve alterações nas medidas ecocardiográficas (convencionais e medidas de assincronia).

Marca-passo; Insuficiência Cardíaca; Doença de Chagas; Estimulação Septal; Assincronia

Is conventional cardiac pacing harmful in patients with normal ventricular function?

Luiz Antonio Batista de Sá; Salvador Rassi; Márcia Andery Ludovico Batista

Hospital das Clínicas - UFG, Goiânia, GO - Brazil

^{Mailing Address}

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular pacing may be deleterious in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but in patients with normal function the impact of this stimulation triggering clinically relevant ventricular dysfunction is not fully established.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical, echocardiographic findings of patients with previously normal left ventricular function underwent implantation of a pacemaker.

METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study with 20 patients, who underwent implantation of pacemaker, prospectively followed-up, with the following inclusion criteria: normal left ventricular function defined by echocardiography and ventricular pacing higher than 90%. Were evaluated functional class (FC) (New York Heart Association), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), echocardiographic assessment (conventional and dyssynchrony parameters), and quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) (SF-36). The assessment was performed at ten days (t1), four months (t2), eight months (t3), 12 months (t4) and 24 months (t5).

RESULTS: Conventional echocardiographic parameters and dyssynchrony parameters showed statistically significant variation over time. The 6MWT, FC, and BNP showed worsening at the end of two years. QLQ showed initial improvement and worsening at the end of two years.

CONCLUSION: The implantation of conventional pacemaker was associated with worsening in functional class, worsening in walk test, increased BNP levels, increased duration of QRS, and worsening in some domains of the QLQ at the end of two years. There were no changes in echocardiography measurements (conventional and asynchrony measures).

Keywords: Pacemaker; Heart failure; Chagas Disease; Septal pacing; Asynchrony.

Introduction

Cardiac pacing is a treatment option for bradyarrhythmias¹, tachyarrhythmias^2,3 and heart failure⁴. However, conventional cardiac pacing in the right ventricle (RV), traditional for decades, has been questioned for its possible deleterious effects, especially in patients with previous left ventricular dysfunction⁵.

In normal heart, the left ventricle (LV) contracts in a fast and synchronized manner. Stimulation anywhere in the RV alters the natural pattern of activation and, as a consequence, the ventricular contraction⁶. This may lead to induction of asynchrony with potential risk for the development of ventricular dysfunction⁷.

In patients with normal ventricular function, the effects are not clearly defined. In a retrospective study, Silva et al⁸ showed that in patients with pacemaker and normal ventricular function, no significant remodeling in the left ventricle occurs. In short-term study, Sá et al⁹ showed no significant deleterious effects in patients with normal function. The mechanisms by which not all patients develop left ventricular dysfunction are not completely understood and may be related to stimulation site, duration of stimulation, age or underlying disease¹⁰.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic effects of conventional cardiac pacing in patients with indication for pacemaker implantation and normal ventricular function, during two years of follow-up.

Methods

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Goiás. This is a prospective, observational study. All patients participating in this study signed an informed consent form.

From March 2006 to July 2009, 178 patients were referred for pacemaker implantation. Of these, 23 patients were selected consecutively, with mean age of 11 ± 58 years and 60% male.

Inclusion criteria: 1) age over 18 years; 2) the indications for conventional pacemakers followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology¹¹, being accepted those with high probability for right ventricular pacing: a) complete atrioventricular block; b) type II second-degree AV block; c) sinus node disease with first-degree AV block and PR interval > 200 ms; 3) normal ventricular function defined by echocardiography, performed immediately after implantation of the artificial cardiac pacemaker (normal ventricular diameters and normal ejection fraction).

Exclusion criteria: 1) severe disease with reduced survival probability; 2) inability to perform the tests proposed in the study; 3) patients who had right ventricular pacing of less than 90% during follow-up, whose analysis was performed by using the generator data.

After implantation, patients were followed for a period of two years, divided into five stages: ten days (t1), four months (t2), eight months (t3), 12 months (t4), and 24 months (t5).

We analyzed the following parameters: 1) functional class of the New York Heart Association; 2) Quality of Life questionnaire (SF-36); 3) 6-minutes walk test; 4) evaluation of the data stored in the generator; 5) ECG: duration of stimulated QRS; 6) levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP); 7) echocardiogram (chamber diameters and volumes, and ejection fraction) and dyssynchrony.

The echocardiography was performed in the equipment Toshiba Xario, under two-dimensional harmonic mode, and 2.5 MHz sector transducer. All examinations were performed by a single physician. Patients remained in the left lateral position and were monitored with electrocardiogram. All measurements were performed with the patient in expiratory apnea. The measurements of the LV, RV, the diameters of the left atrium, and aorta were performed by one-dimensional mode, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography¹².

In the assessment of intraventricular dyssynchrony the following criteria were employed: M mode: difference between the onset of QRS complex and the peak contraction of the septal wall, and then obtained from the time between the onset of the QRS complex and the peak contraction of the posterior wall, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 130 ms; Pulsed Doppler: measurement of the onset of QRS complex up to the onset of aortic flow, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 140 ms; tissue Doppler: difference between the onset of QRS complex and the S wave peak of the basal region of the lateral, anterior, septal and inferior walls, being considered dyssynchrony values greater than 65 ms^13,14.

To assess the mean quantitative variables of normal distribution which changed over time, we used the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures followed by multiple comparisons via Tukey-Kramer method, if applicable. The assumption of sphericity was assessed via Mauchly test. When the assumption was not met, the Huyn-Feldt correction was applied. The normality assumption was evaluated by visual inspection of histograms and D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus normality test.

The change profile of quantitative variables with asymmetric distribution over time was analyzed with Friedman nonparametric test, followed by multiple comparisons according to the Conover method.

The calculation of sample size was determined from the ejection fraction variable which best represented the primary endpoint.

The ANOVA for repeated measures with an intraindividual factor (t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5) was planned in the statistical analysis. For an average absolute difference of at least 5%, the sample size of 20 patients would be appropriate to obtain a 90% statistical power in order to detect an average absolute difference of at least 5% of EF between two arbitrary means over time (t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5). The analysis of repeated measures for variable of ordinal response was conducted with Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.

Missing data of a patient at t5 were imputed according to the last observation carried forward method (LOCF). Quantitative variables with normal and asymmetric distributions were described as mean ± standard deviation and median (interquartile range), respectively.

All significance probabilities (p values) are of bilateral type, and values lower than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. The software SAS 9.2 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA) was applied for statistical analysis of data.

Results

In the initial sample of 23 patients, three were excluded due to ventricular pacing lower than 90%. The most frequent etiology was Chagas Disease (80%). Complete AV block or type 2 second-degree AV block accounted for 70% of the sample. The electrode was implanted in the septal region in 70% of the cases. The clinical features are shown in Table 1. The follow-up period of two years was performed in 19 patients. One patient died of heart failure at 14 months of follow-up.

The percentage of ventricular pacing was obtained from each patient by analyzing the data stored in the generator. The average percentage of stimulation was 99%. There was no statistically significant difference between the medians over the times t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5 (p = 0.4405).

All patients started the protocol in functional class I, and during the course seven patients showed worsening of functional class (p <0.001) (Figure 1). The walk test showed worsening over time, being observed between t2 and t3, and between t2 and t5 (p = 0.02) (Figure 2).

The duration of stimulated QRS complex increased by 12 ms over time (p = 0.0001), this difference was observed between t1 and t5.

Table 2 shows the data regarding conventional echocardiographic parameters: systolic and diastolic diameters of LV, systolic and diastolic volumes of the LV, and left atrial dimension. No statistical differences were observed over time. The average ejection fraction at baseline was 64.50% and at the end was 60.65%, but there was no statistical difference (p = 0.1602) (Figure 3).

In Table 3, we observe the data regarding the echocardiographic assessment of the ventricular dyssynchrony. By M mode, there was no significant difference in average time between septal activation and posterior wall activation over time. Average value observed at the onset (t1) was 35.50 ms and at the end of two years (t5) was 41.00 ms. By pulsed Doppler method, the average value observed was 105.40 ms at t1, and 122.00 ms at t5. By tissue Doppler the average value observed was 38.55 ms at t1, and 44.45 ms at t3. There was no significant difference in the mean between the septal activation and posterior wall activation over time.

In BNP tests, there was a significant difference between the average levels over time. The average level was 19.75 pg / ml at t1, and 167pg/ml at t5, this difference being found between t1 and t5 (p = 0.0002) (Figure 4).

Table 4 shows the data regarding the answers to the Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36). In the domains of functional capacity, pain, vitality, emotional aspects, limitations due to physical aspects, general health status, and limitation due to social aspects, the patients had improvement between t1 and t4. There was worsening between t2 and t5, but no difference between t1 and t5. In the mental health domain there was no difference over time.

Discussion

For 50 years, since its introduction¹⁵, the right ventricular pacing, especially in the apical region, has been the preferred site due to the ease of implantation and its stability. However, such stimulation has been extensively revised to be related to induction of ventricular dysfunction¹⁶.

The main etiology in our study was Chagas Disease, whose pathophysiology is complex¹⁷. The installation of a bradyarrhythmia may simply be a marker of inflammatory changes and the evolution to ventricular dysfunction can occur independently of the presence of a pacemaker.

Functional class and walk test showed significant worsening at the end of the two years, indicating clinical deterioration over time. The stimulation time is an important factor in the induction of ventricular dysfunction and risk for heart failure. Sweeney et al¹⁸, in the MOST study, demonstrated that RV pacing > 80% for more than two years increased the risk for heart failure. In addition, they assessed the duration of the QRS complexes and their relationship with mortality in patients undergoing implantation of a pacemaker for sinus node disease. The presence of paced QRS complex with duration greater than or equal to 120 ms was associated with a death risk of 34%¹⁹.

Zhang et al²⁰, in a retrospective study with an eight-year follow-up showed that in patients with complete AV block, the predictive factors for developing heart failure were age, apical pacing, duration of QRS complex pacing, and the presence of coronary artery disease. In our sample, no increase was observed in QRS duration over time. In studies on resynchronization, patients with higher QRS duration have greater benefit from this therapy²¹. In addition, patients with wider QRS complexes have worse prognosis²². Therefore, we can assume that an increased QRS duration over time may be associated with a higher dyssynchrony.

In the SF-36 questionnaire, initial improvement was observed in the following domains: functional capacity, social aspects, and general health status. The improvement arises from the correction of bradycardia by cardiac pacing in this group of patients previously limited. The MOST²³ and PASE²⁴ studies, comparing dual-chamber pacing versus single-chamber pacing, used the SF-36 questionnaire. The authors observed a significant improvement in quality of life after pacemaker implantation in both groups, but less effective in patients over 75 years old. In our study, after 24 months there was a worsening in these parameters, corroborating the functional class and walk test data.

In our study there was a prevalence of septal pacing. The apical pacing has been more clearly associated to the deleterious effects²⁵. However, the cardiac pacing anywhere in the RV alters the cardiac activation, since the stimulus conduction is slower through the ventricular myocardium compared to His-Purkinje system. The stimulation on outflow tract²⁶, septal region²⁷, hissian region or para-hissian region²⁸ has been investigated, but without consistent results regarding major outcomes, such as total mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

The use of cardiac resynchronization therapy prophylactically, i.e. prevention of asynchrony and its deleterious effects as a consequence, have been tested. Albertsen et al²⁹ selected 50 patients with complete AV block, which were randomized to biventricular pacing or conventional pacing. After one year of follow-up, they found that biventricular pacing minimizes asynchrony (assessed by echocardiography with tissue Doppler), preserves the left ventricular function, and presents lower BNP levels. There was a reduction in ejection fraction by 2% in the DDD group, with no repercussions on functional class or walk test. This study included patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction.

Another strategy has been to minimize ventricular pacing through new pacing algorithms³⁰, because a higher percentage of stimulation is associated with risk for heart failure³¹. The SAVE PACe study³² performed in patients with sinus node disease randomized 1065 patients to receive conventional dual-chamber pacing or dual-chamber minimal ventricular pacing. There was a 40% reduction in atrial fibrillation, with no difference in mortality. The INTRINSIC RV study³³ in patients with indication for ICD, compared DDDR modes (70 bpm) x VVI (40 bpm) with respect to mortality and hospitalization for HF, and no significant difference has been observed. However, patients with complete AV block or high-grade block do not benefit from this strategy because they require ventricular stimulation.

In our group, we observed a significant increase in BNP levels at the end of the two years of follow-up. The average level at the end of the two years was 167 pg/ml. This value correlates to mild ventricular dysfunction³⁴. Abreu et al³⁵ showed that in patients with conventional pacing, intraventricular dyssynchrony was an independent predictor of increased BNP levels, after adjustment for age and ejection fraction. On the other hand, Nikoo et al³⁶ found no correlation between BNP levels and pacing site (apical versus non-apical).

In our population, there was no worsening of conventional echocardiography parameters and dyssynchrony measurements, but downward trend in ejection fraction, a value that did not reach statistical difference. The sample size may have been insufficient to detect subtle changes in ejection fraction. Silva et al³⁷ evaluated ventricular remodeling in patients with ventricular apical pacing. The remodeling was defined as echocardiographic changes documented for at least six months after implantation: > 10% increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter and > 20% decrease in ejection fraction. The variables analyzed were: underlying heart disease, functional class, duration of ventricular pacing and QRS duration. Researchers have observed that patients without ventricular dysfunction and undergoing RV apical pacing showed low ventricular remodeling.

A model to evaluate ventricular dysfunction related to the use of pacemaker is the congenital complete AV block without associated heart disease, as it excludes other potentially confounding variables. Thambo et al³⁸ evaluated 23 patients with congenital complete AV block and previously normal left ventricular function, under at least five years of cardiac pacing. The following parameters were analyzed: ventricular filling time, cardiac output, severity of mitral regurgitation, interventricular dyssynchrony, intraventricular dyssynchrony, and exercise stress test. The results indicate that prolonged ventricular pacing was associated with left ventricular dilation, LV asymmetric hypertrophy, and low physical capacity. However, from the clinical point of view, the impact of these changes has not been evaluated. Kim JJ et al³⁹ evaluated patients with congenital complete AV block and showed after 20 years of follow-up that 92% of patients had no ventricular dysfunction assessed by echocardiography and clinical parameters. This suggests that ventricular pacing should not be considered as the only factor inducing ventricular dysfunction. In our study, clinical worsening was not clearly associated with asynchrony, suggesting evolution of the underlying heart disease.

The limitation of this study was the sample size, which is small and powerless to detect small changes in echocardiographic measurements and major clinical outcomes. The prevalence of patients with Chagas Disease, whose clinical course is variable, may also be a confounding factor. In addition, in the evaluation of the generator data by telemetry it is not possible to exclude patients with pseudofusion.

The paradigm change in the current implant mode requires solid data, especially in relation to clinically relevant outcomes. It will be important to clearly define risk subgroups because the reason why some patients develop ventricular dysfunction or not requires further investigation and probably is not related exclusively to ventricular pacing.

Conclusion

In patients with normal left ventricular function, implantation of conventional pacemaker was associated with change in functional class, worsening in walk test, increased BNP levels, increased duration of QRS, and worsening in some domains of the QLQ (SF-36) at the end of two years. There were no changes in echocardiography measurements (conventional and asynchrony measurements).

Author contributions

Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: de Sá LAB, Rassi S; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: de Sá LAB, Batista MAL; Statistical analysis: de Sá LAB,

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Sources of Funding

There were no external funding sources for this study.

Study Association

This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Luiz Antonio Batista de Sá, from Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG.

References

1. Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(6):934-55. Erratum in: Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(1):e2.

2. Cevik C, Nugent K, Perez-Verdia A, Fish RD. Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter defibrillators in idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy for the primary prevention of death: a narrative review. Clin Cardiol. 2010;33(5):254-60.

3. Mountantonakis SE, Hutchinson MD. Indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in ischemic cardiomyopathy and after myocardial infarction. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2011;8(4):252-9.

4. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al; Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-49.

5. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, et al; Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator Trial Investigators. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002;288(24):3115-23.

6. Leclercq C, Gras D, Le Helloco A, Nicol L, Mabo P, Daubert C. Hemodynamic importance of preserving the normal sequence of ventricular activation in permanent cardiac pacing. Am Heart J. 1995;129(6):1133-41.

7. Freudenberger RS, Wilson AC, Lawrence-Nelson J, Hare JM, Kostis JB. Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System Study Group (MIDAS 9). Permanent pacing is a risk factor for the development of heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(5):671-4.

8. Silva RT, Martinelli M, Batista CE, Martins D, Oliveira JC, Alkmim R, et al. Remodelamento ventricular em portadores de marcapasso convencional e função cardíaca normal é raro. In: 22 Congresso Brasileiro de Arritmias Cardíacas, 30 nov. a 3 dez. 2005, Fortaleza (CE). Relampa. 2005;18(4):211.

9. Sá LA, Rassi S, Batista MA. Conventional ventricular stimulation effects on patients with normal ventricular function. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(2):167-73.

10. Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. The effects of right ventricular apical pacing on ventricular function and dyssynchrony implications for therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(9):764-76.

11. Martinelli Filho M, Zimerman LI, Lorga AM, Vasconcelos JTM, Rassi A Jr. Guidelines for Implantable electronic cardiac devices of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(6):e210-38.

12. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989;2(5):358-67.

13. Sun JP, Chinchoy E, Donal E, Popovic ZB, Perlic G, Asher CR, et al. Evaluation of ventricular synchrony using novel Doppler echocardiographic indices in patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(8):845-50.

14. Silva CE, Barretto AC. [Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac resynchronization therapy]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(6):503-7.

15. Furman S, Robinson G. The use of an intracardiac pacemaker in the correction of total heart block. Surg Forum. 1958;9:245-8.

16. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS. Heart failure during cardiac pacing. Circulation. 2006;113(17):2082-8.

17. Machado FS, Jelicks LA, Kirchhoff LV, Shirani J, Nagajyothi F, Mukherjee S, et al. Chagas heart disease: report on recent developments. Cardiol Rev. 2012;20(2):53-65.

18. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman RA, Lee KL, et al; MOde Selection Trial Investigators. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;107(23):2932-7.

19. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Lee KL, Lamas GA; Mode Selection Trial (MOST) Investigators. Association of prolonged QRS duration with death in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2005;111(19):2418-23.

20. Zhang XH, Chen H, Siu CW, Yiu KH, Chan WS, Lee KL, et al. New-onset heart failure after permanent right ventricular apical pacing in patients with acquired high-grade atrioventricular block and normal left ventricular function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19(2):136-41.

21. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP, et al; MADIT-CRT Trial Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1329-38.

22. Lund LH, Jurga J, Edner M, Benson L, Dahlstrom U, Linde C, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and prognostic significance of QRS prolongation in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(7):529-39.

23. Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lamas GA, Mangione CM, Schron E, Lee KL, et al. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm. 2006;3(6):653-9.

24. Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA, Sgarbossa EB, Huang SK, et al. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(16):1097-104.

25. Kenigsberg DN, Ellenbogen KA. Physiologic pacing: more answers, more questions. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(10):1037-8.

26. Hillock RJ, Mond HG. Pacing the right ventricular outflow tract septum: time to embrace the future. Europace. 2012;14(1):28-35.

27. Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Amit G. Beneficial effects of right ventricular non-apical vs. apical pacing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Europace. 2012;14(1):81-91.

28. Zanon F, Barold SS. Direct His bundle and paraHisian cardiac pacing. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012;17(2):70-8.

29. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Poulsen SH, Mortensen PT, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, et al. Biventricular pacing preserves left ventricular performance in patients with high-grade atrio-ventricular block: a randomized comparison with DDD(R) pacing in 50 consecutive patients. Europace. 2008;10(3):314-20.

30. Reynolds DW, Murray CM. New concepts in physiologic cardiac pacing. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2007;9(5):351-7.

31. Sharma AD, Rizo-Patron C, Hallstrom AP, O'Neill GP, Rothbart S, Martins JB, et al; DAVID Investigators. Percent right ventricular pacing predicts outcomes in the DAVID trial. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(8):830-4.

32. Sweeney MO, Bank AJ, Nsah E, Koullick M, Zeng QC, Hettrick D, et al; Search AV Extension and Managed Ventricular Pacing for Promoting Atrioventricular Conduction (SAVE PACe) Trial. Minimizing ventricular pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation in sinus-node disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(10):1000-8.

33. Olshansky B, Day JD, Moore S, Gering L, Rosenbaum M, McGuire M, et al. Is dual-chamber programming inferior to single-chamber programming in an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator? Results of the INTRINSIC RV (Inhibition of Unnecessary RV Pacing With AVSH in ICDs) study. Circulation. 2007;115(1):9-16.

34. Seino Y, Ogawa A, Yamashita T, Fukushima M, Ogata K, Fukumoto H, et al. Application of NT-proBNP and BNP measurements in cardiac care: a more discerning marker for the detection and evaluation of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(3):295-300.

35. Abreu CD, Nunes Mdo C, Barbosa MM, Rocha MO, Ribeiro AL. Dessincronia ventricular e aumento dos níveis de BNP na estimulação apical do ventrículo direito. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2):156-62.

36. Nikoo MH, Ghaedian MM, Kafi M, Fakhrpour A, Jorat MV, Pakfetrat M, et al. Effects of right ventricular septal versus apical pacing on plasma natriuretic peptide levels. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2011;2(2):104-9.

37. Silva RT, Martinelli Filho M, de Oliveira JC, de Lima CE, Martins DG, Guirao CI, et al. Ventricular remodeling in right ventricular apical pacing. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(2):152-8.

38. Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S, et al. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004;110(25):3766-72.

39. Kim JJ, Friedman RA, Eidem BW, Cannon BC, Arora G, Smith EO, et al. Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(4):373-7.

Manuscript received February 02, 2013; revised manuscript July 16, 2013; accepted July 22, 2013.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 Oct 2013
• Date of issue
  Dec 2013

History

• Received
  10 Feb 2013
• Accepted
  22 July 2013
• Reviewed
  16 July 2013