Sex Differences in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Subjects with Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

Garcia, Vinicius Pacheco; Rocha, Helena Naly Miguens; Sales, Allan Robson Kluser; Rocha, Natália Galito; Nóbrega, Antonio Claudio Lucas da

doi:10.5935/abc.20160027

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Original Articles, Atherosclerosis/Endothelium/Vascular • Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 106 (3) • Mar 2016 • https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20160027 copy

Sex Differences in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Subjects with Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background:

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a prototypic marker of inflammation usually increased in MetS. Women with MetS-related diseases present higher hsCRP levels than men with MetS-related diseases, suggesting sex differences in inflammatory markers. However, it is unclear whether serum hsCRP levels are already increased in men and/or women with MetS risk factors and without overt diseases or under pharmacological treatment.

Objective:

To determine the impact of the number of MetS risk factors on serum hsCRP levels in women and men.

Methods

One hundred and eighteen subjects (70 men and 48 women; 36 ± 1 years) were divided into four groups according to the number of MetS risk factors: healthy group (CT; no risk factors), MetS ≤ 2, MetS = 3, and MetS ≥ 4. Blood was drawn after 12 hours of fasting for measurement of biochemical variables and hsCRP levels, which were determined by immunoturbidimetric assay.

Results:

The groups with MetS risk factors presented higher serum hsCRP levels when compared with the CT group (p < 0.02). There were no differences in hsCRP levels among groups with MetS risk factors (p > 0.05). The best linear regression model to explain the association between MetS risk factors and hsCRP levels included waist circumference and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.40, p < 0.01). Women with MetS risk factors presented higher hsCRP levels when compared with men (p_sex < 0.01).

Conclusions:

Despite the absence of overt diseases and pharmacological treatment, subjects with MetS risk factors already presented increased hsCRP levels, which were significantly higher in women than men at similar conditions.

Keywords
Metabolic Syndrome; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics; Protein C

Variables	Groups
Variables	CT	MetS ≤ 2	MetS = 3	MetS ≥ 4
N (M/W)	18 (11/7)	67 (34/33)	23 (19/4)	10 (6/4)
Age (years)	33 ± 2	36 ± 1	37 ± 1	39 ± 1
BMI (kg/m²)	22.90 ± 0.62	28.76 ± 0.40^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;	32.26 ± 0.88^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	31.15 ± 0.97^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
Waist circumference (cm)	78.98 ± 1.88	95.02 ± 1.12^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;	105.86 ± 1.70^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	103.2 ±1.54^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
SBP (mmHg)	114 ± 1	116 ± 1	126 ± 3^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	129 ± 1^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
DBP (mmHg)	75 ± 1	76 ± 1	81 ± 2	85 ± 3^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	174.89 ± 6.77	193.30 ± 4.94	207.22 ± 8.53^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;	215.30 ± 8.66^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;
HDL-c (mg/dL)	56.67 ± 2.60	53.85 ± 1.47	41.48 ± 1.54^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	38 ± 2.82^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
LDL-c (mg/dL)	102.06 ± 6.68	119.77 ± 4.50	124 ± 7.63	138.38 ± 8.43^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;
VLDL-c (mg/dL)	13.11 ± 1.25	19.56 ± 0.85^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;	41.87 ± 3.24^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	46.13 ± 4.42^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	54.83 ± 2.35	98.52 ± 4.51^* *()** p < 0.05 vs. CT;	209.09 ± 16.28^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	230.88 ± 22.26^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.
Glucose (mg/dL)	86.72 ± 1.57	87.61 ± 0.76	95.76 ± 2.39^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.	97 ± 4.40^* *() p < 0.05 vs. CT; ^† (†)** p < 0.05 vs. MetS ≤ 2.

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[1] Mailing Address: Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nóbrega, Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício - Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, Sala 106, São Domingos, Postal Code 24210-130, Niterói, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: anobrega@id.uff.br