Syndrome in question: antisynthetase syndrome (anti-PL-7)^*

Abstract:

Antisynthetase syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by interstitial lung disease and/or inflammatory myositis, with positive antisynthetase antibodies (anti-Jo-1, anti-PL-7, anti-PL-12, ZO, OJ, anti-KE or KS). Other symptoms described include: non-erosive arthritis, fever, Raynaud's phenomenon, and "mechanic's hands." The first therapeutic option is corticotherapy, followed by other immunosuppressants. The prognosis of the disease is quite limited when compared to other inflammatory myopathies with negative antisynthetase antibodies.

Keywords:
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases; Interstitial Lung Disease; Myositis

CASE REPORT

A woman patient, 41 years of age, presented a dry cough and dyspnea upon moderate exertion, which has become progressively worse over the past four years. Six months ago, the patient presented proximal muscle weakness and wrist arthralgia. She sought out the Dermatology department due to a peeling of the edges of the fingers, without pruritus; periungual erythema; changes in nails and fingers (Figure 1). Physical examination identified a crackling sound in the lungs. On the hands, one could observe Raynaud phenomenon, peeling, and marginal hyperqueratosis ("mechanic's hands"); longitundinal hypercurvature of the nail plate; paronychia; reduction in the volume of finger tissue (digital pulp), with no ulcerations, sclerodactyly or punctiform scars. Capillaroscopy showed folding, ischemic areas, and dilated flaps, as well as the absence of heliotrope. Laboratory exams included FAN 1:160 (speckled) and positive anti-PL-7. Other antibodies included antisynthetase, antinuclear, anti-Scl-70, ANCA, and latex proved to be normal. Biochemical exams – VHS 122mm/h; Creatine phosphokinase 2759U/l (reference<135U/l). Electroneuromyography showed a myopathic pattern. Computed tomography of the thorax showed interstitial lung disease (ILD) with ground-glass opacity (Figure 2); spirometry disclosed a restrictive pattern, with no response to the bronchodilator, and the esophagogram was normal.

Figure 1
A. Periungual erythema, longitudinal hypercurvature of the ungual lamina and marginal hyperkeratosis of the first finger. B. Detail of the nail hypercurvature (digital clubbing), retraction of digital pulp, and marginal peeling of the second finger.(mechanic's hand)

Figure 2
Computed tomography (high resolution) of the thorax. Fibrosing interstitial pneumonia with a reticular pattern with areas of ground-glass alveolar opacity and thickness of the septa (inter and intralobuar) with traction bronchiectasis, predominantly in the lower basal regions

DISCUSSION

Antisynthetase Syndrome (ASS), described by Marguerie (1990), represents a rare group of autoimmune diseases that mainly affect women (2:1) between 30 and 50 years of age and present autoantibodies geared toward the Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases enzymatic complex, which catalyzes the connection of an amino acid to the RNAt protein synthesis.^1,5

The diagnostic criteria of ASS are available in chart 1.³ The most common clinical manifestations of ASS include: inflammatory myositis (>90%), Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) (60%), non-erosive arthritis (50%), Raynaud phenomenon (40%), "mechanic's hand" (30%), and fever (20%).⁶ The main differential diagnoses include progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, and overlap syndromes.

Chart 1
Criteria proposed for the diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome³

Diagnosis: Presence of one antisynthetase antibody plus two major criteria or one higher criterion and two minor criteria.
Major criteria:
1. Interstitial lung disease (not explained by environmental, occupational, medication exposure, and not related to any other base disease)
2. Polymyositis or dermatomyositis according to criteria set forth by Bohan & Peter
Minor criteria:
1. Arthritis
2. Raynaud phenomenon
3. Mechanic's hand

The autoantibodies involved in the disease (in order of frequency) and the amino acids that are targets of RNAt-synthetase are: anti-Jo1 (histidine), anti-PL-12 (alanine), anti-PL-7 (threonine), anti-OJ (isoleucine), anti-KS (asparagine), anti-EJ (glycine), and anti-ZO (phenylalanine). The phenotype of the disease varies according to the expressed autoantibody.⁷ Myopathy occurs more often in patients with anti-Jo-1 or anti-PL-7; anti-Jo-1 is related to the more extreme cases of arthritis and "mechanic's hand", while anti-PL-7 is associated with the presence of heliotrope; anti-PL-12 with the higher rates of Raynaud phenomenon; and anti-PL-12, anti-KS, and anti-OJ with cases of isolated ILD.⁸

To date, no randomized studies have evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of ASS.⁷ The treatment of choice is prednisone at an initial dose of 1mg/Kg/day. Other possibilities described include: tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, immunoglobin, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and cyclosporine.⁷ Rituximab was reported to be efficient in the treatment of refractory myositis, but did not influence the evolution of ILD or the loss of pulmonary function.^1,9

The prognosis of ASS is quite limited when compared to other inflammatory myopathies without antisynthetase antibodies, which results mainly from greater ILD resistance to corticotherapy, evolving into the need for a lung transplant.^1,3,10

Our patient was submitted to oral corticotherapy associated with pulse therapy using cyclophosphamide and, later, with mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab, without, to date, fully controlling the lung disease.

Dermatologists must pay attention to myopathic and/or lung conditions that present the Raynaud phenomenon, nail dystrophy, repeated periungual/paronychia erythema, atrophy of the digital pulp, and "mechanic's hand" peeling, in an attempt to collaborate with an early diagnosis of the disease with a limited prognosis

• Financial Support: None
• *
  Work conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Radiology of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp) – Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Love LA, Leff RL, Fraser DD, Targoff IN, Dalakas M, Plotz PH, et al. A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies define useful homogeneous patient groups. Medicine (Baltimore). 1991;70:360-74.
• ²
  Marguerie C, Bunn CC, Beynon HL, Bernstein RM, Hughes JM, So AK, et al. Polymyositis, pulmonary fibrosis and autoantibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes. Q J Med. 1990;77:1019-38.
• ³
  Solomon J, Swigris JJ, Brow KK. Doença pulmonar intersticial relacionada a miosite e a síndrome antissintetase. J Bras Pneumol. 2011;37:100-109.
• ⁴
  Ortigosa LCM, Reis VMS. Dermatomiosite. An Bras Dermatol 2008;83:247-59.
• ⁵
  Fischer A, Swigris JJ, du Bois RM, Lynch DA, Downey GP, Cosgrove GP, et al. Anti-synthetase syndrome in ANA and anti-Jo-1 negative patients presenting with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respir Med. 2009;103:1719-24.
• ⁶
  Foris V, Kovacs G, Matucci-Cerinic M, Olschewski H. PL-7 positive antisynthetase syndrome and pulmonary hypertension. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:1777-9.
• ⁷
  Hallowell RW, Danoff SK. Interstitial lung disease associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and the antisynthetase syndrome: recent advances. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014;26:684-9.
• ⁸
  Dugar M, Cox S, Limaye V, Blumbergs P, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Clinical heterogeneity and prognostic features of South Australian patients with antisynthetase autoantibodies. Intern Med J. 2011;41:674-9.
• ⁹
  Nalotto L, Iaccarino L, Zen M, Gatto M, Borella E, Domenighetti M, et al. Rituximab in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and antisynthetase syndrome: personal experience and review of the literature. Immunol Res. 2013;56:362-70.
• ¹⁰
  Behr J, Ryu JH. Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2008;31:1357-67.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2016

History

• Received
  08 Feb 2015
• Accepted
  22 Apr 2015