Exuberant terra firma-forme dermatosis in an elderly patient^**

Dear Editor,

Terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD), also known as Duncan’s dirty dermatosis, is a benign acquired condition characterized by keratotic papules and plaques, sometimes appearing verrucous, and varying in color from gray, brown to black, without associated symptoms.¹-⁴ The lesions typically form a reticulated pattern interspersed with areas of normal skin, most commonly affecting the neck, trunk, and ankles. The term ‘‘terra firma’’ and ‘‘forme’’ originates from Latin, meaning ‘‘dry land’’, describing the resemblance of the lesions to clods of sand.⁵-⁸

The etiology of TFFD remains unclear, with a hypothesized incomplete maturation of keratinocytes in association with melanin and sebum in the epidermis.¹,³,⁷ It predominantly affects children and young adults, and diagnosisis typically clinical.²,³,⁸ Dermoscopy can aid diagnosis by revealing brown, polygonal scales arranged in a mosaic pattern.⁶,⁸ A diagnostic and therapeutic friction test using gauze soaked in 70% isopropyl alcohol is effective, whereas daily baths with soap and skin exfoliation are ineffective.²,⁴,⁷,⁸ Although not mandatory, histopathological examination may show lamellar hyperkeratosis with focal areas of spiral and compact orthokeratosis, along with acanthosis and papillomatosis.¹,⁵,⁶

The clinical resemblance to dirt makes dermatosis neglect a primary differential diagnosis. Other differentials include acanthosis nigricans, reticulated and confluent Gougerot-Carteaud papillomatosis, epidermal nevus, and seborrheic keratosis.¹,³

A 68-year-old woman with brown skin, who has hypertension and diabetes, sought dermatological care due to hyperchromic lesions covering most of her skin, accompanied by mild itching that had progressively worsened over four years, causing aesthetic discomfort. The patient reported daily baths and sporadic use of sponges. On dermatological examination, the patient presented with multiple flat papules with adherent scales measuring 1-4 mm in diameter, and brownish-black plaques grouped diffusely on the trunk, flexor region of the arms, inner thighs, and popliteal fossa (Fig. 1). Dermoscopic examination revealed grouped polygonal scales (Fig. 2). A friction test using gauze soaked in 70% isopropyl alcohol resulted in scale detachment and lightening of the lesion (Supplementary Material Video) (Fig. 2). Histopathology showed areas of orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with intracorneal spiral formations, hypogranulosis, mild acanthosis, and focal mild papillomatosis; a discrete lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was found around superficial capillaries in the dermis (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1
Clinical presentation of terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD).

Fig. 2
Terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD) - (A) Dermoscopic examination and (B) Friction test using 70% isopropyl alcohol.

Fig. 3
Hematoxylin & eosin, ×40. Areas of orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with intracorneal spiral formations, hypogranulosis, mild acanthosis, and focal mild papillomatosis.

Despite TFFD predominantly affecting children and young adults, its consideration in elderly patients is crucial.²,³,⁷,⁸ Patients with extensive lesions should be cautioned about the risk of alcohol intoxication from the application of 70% isopropyl alcohol on the skin, which can lead to symptoms ranging from drowsiness and lethargy to mucous membrane irritation and respiratory depression.⁶ Moisturizer use is recommended to prevent cutaneous xerosis.¹,³,⁶ Salicylic acid and other keratolytic can aid in scale removal, whereas topical corticosteroids are generally ineffective.²,⁶,⁸ Clinically recognizing TFFD can prevent unnecessary costs from additional tests and unsuccessful attempts at skin cleansing.³,⁶,⁷

• *
  Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Centro Universitário Lusíada, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
• Financial support
  None declared.

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Appendix A. Supplementary material Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2025.501131.

Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2025.501131.

References

• ¹ Erkek E, Şahin S, Çetin ED, Sezer E. Terra firma-forme dermatosis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78:358-60.
• ² Ashique KT, Kaliyadan F, Goyal T. Terra firma-forme dermatosis: report of a series of 11 cases and a brief review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:769-74.
• ³ Greywal T, Cohen PR. Terra firma-forme dermatosis: a report of ten individuals with Duncan’s dirty dermatosis and literature review. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2015;5:29-33.
• ⁴ Berk DR. Terra firma-forme dermatosis: a retrospective review of 31 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29:297-300.
• ⁵ Dalton SR, Pride H. The histopathology of terra firma-forme dermatosis. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38:537-9.
• ⁶ Badaró BA, Diniz LM, Nogueira PSE. Terra firma-forme dermatosis: an underdiagnosed condition. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95:397-9.
• ⁷ Almarcha TA, Tormo JG, Ruiz MJ, Nso-Roca AP. Dermatosis terra firma-forme. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2017;88:827.
• ⁸ Fernández-Crehuet P, Ruiz-Villaverde R. Terra firma-forme dermatosis. CMAJ. 2016;188:285.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Nov 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  18 July 2024
• Accepted
  28 Aug 2024
• Published
  18 June 2025