The aim of this review is to discuss physiological and metabolic alterations of zinc in diabetes mellitus. Zinc is a component of diverse enzymes and also participates in metabolic pathway involving protein synthesis, carbohydrate, and metabolism of lipid and nucleic acids. This mineral has been related to the interaction between hormones and their receptors including the improvement of post receptor stimuli. In vitro studies demonstrate that insulin can bind to zinc improving the solubility and the storage of this hormone in the islets of Langerhans. In experimental diabetes alterations in zinc concentration and distribution have been detected, as well as hyperzincuria immediately after induction of the disease. In patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes a negative correlation between plasma zinc and duration of the disease was observed. Other evaluations frequently show hyperzincuria. Poor metabolic control in these patients can be associated with intracellular zinc depletion, this fact can influence zinc status alterations. The knowledge of zinc functions are important to nutrient metabolism, growth, immune system and eye and have prompted especulations regarding a link between zinc deficiency and the genesis of chronic diabetic complications.
Diabetes; Zinc; Metabolism; Micronutrients