Efficacy of botanicals and entomopathogenic fungi in controlling khapra beetle (<i>Trogoderma granarium</i>) infestations in stored wheat

Khan, U.K.; Shaheen, F.A.; Al-Meklafi, F.A.; Al-Khalifa, M.S.; Wadaan, M.A.; Rizvi, S.A.H.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-13368

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Original Article - Zootechnics • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 77 (2) • Mar-Apr 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13368 linkcopy

Efficacy of botanicals and entomopathogenic fungi in controlling khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) infestations in stored wheat

[Eficácia de botânicos e fungos entomopatogênicos no controle de infestações do besouro Khapra (Trogoderma granarium) em trigo armazenado]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) is a notorious pest causing significant damage to stored grains, leading to substantial economic losses globally. This study investigates the insecticidal efficacy of methanolic extracts derived from two indigenous plants, Cannabis sativa and Cymbopogon citratus, alongside two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, against T. granarium. The study assesses mortality rates, weight loss in infected wheat seeds, and adult beetle emergence. Results revealed that higher concentrations and extended exposure periods of all extracts significantly increased mortality rates while simultaneously reducing seed weight loss and adult emergence. C. sativa at 25mg/mL achieved the highest mortality rate of 78.92% ± 5% after 72 hours, with C. citratus showing a 60.52% ± 2.43% mortality rate under similar conditions. The fungi extracts, particularly at concentrations of 10⁸ spores/mL, demonstrated substantial efficacy, with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae reducing adult emergence rates to 42.11% ± 1.92% and 41.17% ± 1.92%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of these methanolic extracts as effective biopesticides for managing T. granarium infestations in stored grains, offering a natural alternative to chemical pesticides.

Keywords:
khapra beetle; biopesticides; C. sativa; C. citratus; B. bassiana; pest control

Concentrations (mg/ml) /Days	% Mortality			F	df
Concentrations (mg/ml) /Days	24	48	72
25	23.87±1.16^a3	46.37±3.23^a2	78.92±5.23^a1	56.23	2
12.50	16.72±1.47^b3	39.91±2.10^ab2	69.46±2.85^ab1	142.71	2
6.25	11.96±1.43b^c3	32.22±1.93b^c2	61.45±2.67b^c1	143.83	2
3.13	6.00±1.28^cd3	25.81±1.81^cd2	50.78±2.31^cd1	147.39	2
1.57	2.43±1.21^d3	21.96±1.73^d2	41.43±2.22^d1	121.39	2
0	0±0.00^e	0±0.00^e	0±0.00^e
F	50.137	63.55	88.35
df	5	5	5

Concentrations (mg/ml) /Days		Mortality%		F	df
	24	48	72
25	21.90±1.44^a3	35.06±7.53^a2	60.52±2.43^a1	109.74	2
12.50	16.14±1.41^b3	36.30±1.22^a2	49.75±4.10^b1	42.41	2
6.25	12.69±1.35^bc2	31.53±2.04^a1	37.25±1.31^c1	64.54	2
3.13	9.24±1.29^cd2	26.64±1.66^a1	30.48±2.36^cd1	44.76	2
1.57	6.90±0.17^d2	20.68±1.70^a1	23.54±1.61^d1	42.97	2
0	0±0.00^e	0±0.00^b	0±0.00^e
F	45.92	16.54	82.465
df	5	5	5

Extracts		LD₅₀
plant extracts	C. sativa	8.08^*
plant extracts	C. citratus	16.48
fungal extracts	B. bassiana	2.95 × 10^6*
fungal extracts	M. anisopliae	6.76 × 10⁶

No	Name	Bioactive Compounds	References
1	C. sativa	δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ8-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN).	(Barrales-Cureño et al., 2020; Kornpointner et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2022)
2	C. citratus	Myrcene, Neral, Geraniol, Linalool, (E)-Anethole	(Sefatlhi et al., 2024; Tazi et al., 2024a; Tazi et al., 2024b; Tazi et 2024c

Concentrations (spores /ml)	% Mortality			F	df
Concentrations (spores /ml)	5 days	6 days	7 days
10⁸	12.91±1.13^a1	35.83±2.74^a2	59.09±2.47^a3	107.34	2
10⁷	8.27±2.245^ab1	31.02±1.64^ab2	54.00±3.37^ab3	81.92	2
10⁶	7.13±1.91^abc1	23.87±1.50b^c2	46.30±3.20^bc3	71.10	2
10⁵	4.79±2.235^bc1	16.72±1.35^cd2	41.12±2.07^cd3	92.10	2
10⁴	2.45±1.07^bc1	9.57±1.19^d1	32.18±3.14^d2	58.32	2
0	.0000±0.00^d	0±0.00^e	0±0.00^e
F	7.78	69.23	64.63
df	5	5	5

Concentrations spores /ml) /Days	Mortality			F	df
Concentrations spores /ml) /Days	5 days	6 days	7 days
10⁸	12.87±6.45^a3	37.71±4.33^a2	60.47±4.66^a1	20.72	2
10⁷	10.60±5.31^a2	32.86±4.30^ab1	50.26±5.51^ab1	15.38	2
10⁶	9.42±4.67^a2	26.72±4.35a^b12	41.18±3.34^bc1	14.63	2
10⁵	8.29±4.20^a2	21.87±2.17^ab1	32.13±1.85^c1	16.66	2
10⁴	5.99±3.11^a2	15.73±4.37b^c12	24.48±2.98^d1	6.81	2
0	0±0.00^a	0±0.00^c	0±0.00^e
F	1.02	13.64	35.91
df	5	5	5

Concentration (mg/mL)	Emergence Rate (%)±S.E
Concentration (mg/mL)	C. sativa	C. citratus
25	42.11±1.92 a	41.17±1.92 c
12.5	44±5.091 b	52.94±3.33bc
6.25	47.058±6.66bc	58.82 ±3.84abc
3.12	51.28±3.33bc	64.70±5.091abc
1.56	58.97±1.92bc	73.52±5.091ab
Control	82.051±6.93 c	88.23±10 a

Concentration (spores/mL)	Emergence Rate (%)±S.E
Concentration (spores/mL)	B. bassiana	M. anisoplie
10⁸	42.11±1.92 a	41.17±1.92 c
10⁷	44±5.091 b	52.94±3.33bc
10⁶	47.058±6.66bc	58.82 ±3.84abc
10⁵	51.28±3.33bc	64.70±5.091abc
10⁴	58.97±1.92bc	73.52±5.091ab
Control	82.051±6.93 c	88.23±10 a

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[TFN1] Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column are significant (P< 0.05).

[TFN2] Mean values with different numbers as superscript in a row are significant (P < 0.05).