In vitro efficacy of emamectin benzoate and glyphosate against monogenean parasites from Colossoma macropomum

Baia, R.R.J.; Alves, C.M.G.; Malheiros, D.F.; Santos, G.G.; Tavares-Dias, M.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-13036

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Veterinary Medicine and Technology and Inspection of Animal Products • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 76 (2) • Mar-Apr 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13036 copy

In vitro efficacy of emamectin benzoate and glyphosate against monogenean parasites from Colossoma macropomum

[Eficácia in vitro do benzoato de emamectina e do glifosato contra parasitos monogenéticos de Colossoma macropomum]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the in vitro efficacy of emamectin benzoate and glyphosate against monogeneans from Colossoma macropomum and tolerance of this species to these therapeutic drugs. In vitro assays demonstrated that concentrations of emamectin benzoate (12.5, 16.6, 20.8 and 25.0g/L) and glyphosate (2,000; 3,000; 4,000 and 5,000mg/L) were 100% effective against Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri. The highest concentrations of emamectin benzoate (20.8 and 25.0g/L) were 100% effective after 30 minutes of exposure. For glyphosate, the highest concentrations were the most effective, and 4,000 and 5,000 mg/L immobilized 100% of parasites in 45 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the parasites exposed to 20.8 and 25.0g/L of emamectin benzoate and 5,000 mg/L of glyphosate presented integument covered with deeper wrinkles. Behavioral changes occurred in C. macropomum exposed to all concentrations of both drugs, were as mortality occurred following exposure to emamectin benzoate and glyphosate at 2.0,12,5 and 25.0g/L and 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000 and 5,000mg/L, respectively. Low concentrations of emamectin benzoate and of glyphosate were tolerated by C. macropomum, but these concentrations may have not efficacy against infection of monogeneans.

Keywords:
anthelminthic; ectoparasites; infection; tambaqui; tolerance

Time of exposure	Treatments	Live parasites	Mortality (%)
0 h	Control with water of tank	27.7 ± 6.1	0
3 h	Control with water of tank	25.3 ± 8.2	8.4
5 h	Control with water of tank	23.0 ± 10.2	16.9
8 h	Control with water of tank	6.7 ± 1.9	80.7
9 h	Control with water of tank	0	100
0 h	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	26.0 ± 7.1	0
5 min	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	23.3 ± 8.5	10.3
15 min	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	16.0 ± 10.7	38.5
30 min	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	2.0 ± 1.4	92.3
45 min	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0.3 ± 0.5	98.7
60 min	12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	100
0 h	16.6 g/L of emamectin benzoate	23.0 ± 2.2	0
5 min	16.6 g/L of emamectin benzoate	22.3 ± 2.6	2.9
15 min	16.6 g/L of emamectin benzoate	13.7 ± 2.6	40.6
30 min	16.6 g/L of emamectin benzoate	2.3 ± 2.1	89.9
45 min	16.6 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	100
0 h	20.8 g/L of emamectin benzoate	20.7 ± 0.9	0
5 min	20.8 g/L of emamectin benzoate	15.0 ± 4.1	27.4
15 min	20.8 g/L of emamectin benzoate	3.7 ± 2.6	82.3
30 min	20.8 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	100
5 min	25.0 g/L of emamectin benzoate	18.3 ± 6.2	21.4
15 min	25.0 g/L of emamectin benzoate	1.0 ± 1.4	95.7
30 min	25.0 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	100
5 min	2,000 mg/L of glyphosate	18.7 ± 1.7	8.2
15 min	2,000 mg/L of glyphosate	10.3 ± 6.1	49.2
30 min	2,000 mg/L of glyphosate	2.0 ± 2.8	86.9
45 min	2,000 mg/L of glyphosate	0	100
0 h	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	20.7 ± 0.9	0
5 min	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	20.7 ± 0.9	0
15 min	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	18.7 ± 1.2	9.7
30 min	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	12.3 ± 4.1	40.3
45 min	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	4.0 ± 4.3	80.6
60 min	3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	0	100
0 h	4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	20.3 ± 1.2	0
5 min	4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	17.7 ± 4.2	13.1
15 min	4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	6.0 ± 3.3	70.5
30 min	4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	1.0 ± 1.4	95.1
45 min	4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	0	100
0 h	5,000 mg/L of glyphosate	21.0 ± 1.4	0
5 min	5,000 mg/L of glyphosate	13.7 ± 3.4	34.9
15 min	5,000 mg/L of glyphosate	0.7 ± 0.9	85.7
30 min	5,000 mg/L of glyphosate	0	100

Concentration (g/L)	Mortality (%)	Exposure time	Behavioral changes of fish
0.1 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	4 h	Agitation and accelerated opercular beat
0.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	0	4 h	Agitation, accelerated opercular beat, shallow breathing and loss of equilibrium
2.0 g/L of emamectin benzoate	100	55 min	Agitation, accelerated opercular beat, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
12.5 g/L of emamectin benzoate	100	23 min	Agitation, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
25.0 g/L of emamectin benzoate	100	20 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
250 mg/L of glyphosate	0	4 h	Reduction in opercular beat and shallow breathing
500 mg/L of glyphosate	100	4 h	Agitation, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
1,000 mg/L of glyphosate	100	52 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, tipping over and death
2,000 mg/L of glyphosate	100	35 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
3,000 mg/L of glyphosate	100	23 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
4,000 mg/L of glyphosate	100	20 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death
5,000 mg/L of glyphosate	100	18 min	Agitation, jumps, accelerated opercular beat and swimming, shallow breathing, lethargy, loss of equilibrium and death

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[1] *Corresponding author: marcos.tavares@embrapa.br