Changes in the oxidative state and nutrimental composition of orange residue (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L.) dehydrated and ensiled at different times

Hernández-Bautista, J.; Salinas-Rios, T.; Guzmán-Jiménez, B.I.; Soto-Hernández, R.M.; Rodríguez-Magadán, H.M.; Miguel-Chávez, R. San; Nieto-Aquino, R.; Sanchéz-Santillán, P.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-13248

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Original Article - Zootechnics • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 77 (2) • Mar-Apr 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13248 linkcopy

Changes in the oxidative state and nutrimental composition of orange residue (Citrus sinensis L.) dehydrated and ensiled at different times

[Alterações no estado oxidativo e na composição nutricional do resíduo de laranja (Citrus sinensis L.) desidratado e ensilado em diferentes tempos]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim was to evaluate the changes in oxidative state and chemical composition of orange residues dehydrated and ensiled at different times. Residues of fresh oranges after juice extraction were ground and divided into three parts, the first analyzed while fresh, the second dehydrated and the third ensiled in 7 plastic mini-silos and opened at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days. Dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, pH, lactic acid, antioxidant capacity, phenols and flavonoids were measured. It was found that stabilization of lactic acid production occurred on day 28 of ensiling. The loss of dry matter and the increase of crude protein occurred from the 7^th day to present later no changes; the process of fermentation during ensilage modified the antioxidant compounds, highlighting the increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of gallic, chlorogenic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic and coumaric acids; the antioxidant capacity increased until reaching its maximum value on the 35^th day of ensilage. Regarding dehydration, protocatechuic acid increased, while the other phenolic acids tended to disappear. It is concluded that the dehydration and ensilage of orange residues are dynamic processes that imply changes in the concentration of nutrients and antioxidants.

Keywords:
antioxidants; fermentation; phenols; flavonoids; ruminants

Treatments	DM g/kg	ADF g/kg	NDF g/kg	CP g/kg
Dehydrated	888.7±5.5^a	223.9±12.7^d	243.3±13.0^b	52.6±1.7^b
Fresh	215.8±5.5^b	227.7±12.7^cd	247.5±15.3^ab	49.3±1.6^c
Ensilage
7 days	186.5±5.5^c	268.8±16.8^bc	248.2±13.0^ab	56.0±1.8^ab
14 days	187.8±5.5^c	273.6±12.7^b	258.5±11.4^ab	55.5±1.8^ab
21days	183.9±6.0^c	303.3±12.7^ab	255.8±15.3^ab	57.4±1.7^a
28 days	186.3±5.5^c	274.6±12.7^b	280.6±13.1^a	55.6±1.8^ab
35 days	196.2±5.5^c	307.9±12.7^ab	257.9±11.4^ab	58.4±1.7^a
42 days	190.3±5.5^c	314.1±12.7^a	271.2±11.4^ab	58.6±1.7^a
49 days	186.2±5.5^c	310.2±12.7^a	274.0±13.1^ab	58.4±1.7^a

Treatments	pH	Lactic acid g/kg DM
Fresh	2.40 ± 0.069^b	2.75 ± 3.09^c
Ensilage
7 days	3.05 ± 0.069^b	13.45 ± 3.73^c
14 days	3.54 ± 0.069^a	20.72 ± 3.09^b
21 days	3.73 ± 0.069^a	26.27 ± 3.37^ab
28 days	3.69 ± 0.069^a	32.46 ± 3.09^a
35 days	3.65 ± 0.069^a	35.55 ± 3.37^a
42 days	3.63 ± 0.069^a	30.04 ± 3.09^a
49 days	3.58 ± 0.069^a	34.66 ± 3.09^a

Treatments	µg of Trolox/ g DM)
Dehydrated	53.41±7137.46^bc
Fresh	38.26±7146.72^c
Silage 7 days	54.95±7137.46^bc
14 days	53.59±7137.46^bc
21days	65.02±7139.68^ab
28 days	70.61±7139.68^ab
35 days	78.28±7139.68^a
42 days	65.14±7139.68^ab
49 days	61.71±7139.68^ab

Treatment	Protocatechuic acid (g/kg DM)	Gallic acid (g/kg DM)	Chlorogenic acid (g/kg DM)	Syringic acid (g/kg DM)	Vanillinic acid (g/kg DM)	P-Hydroxybenzoic acid (g/kg DM)	Caffeic acid (g/kg DM)	P-coumaric acid (g/kg DM)
Dehydrated	8.710± 0.36^a	ND	1.893± 0.533^abc	0.228± 0.057^a	ND	ND	0.0587± 0.0096^b	ND
fresh	0.516± 0.39^b	0.032± 0.035^bc	0.583± 0.581^cd	0.255± 0.062^a	0.0066± 0.066^b	0.0014± 0.028^c	0.2227± 0.105^ab	0.0029± 0.025^b
Silage 7 days	0.410± 0.36^b	0.025± 0.032^bc	0.120± 0.533^d	0.250± 0.057^a	ND	0.0139± 0.025^bc	0.2926± 0.096^ab	0.0833± 0.022^a
14 days	0.453± 0.36^b	0.022± 0.032^cd	0.125± 0.533^d	0.195± 0.057^ab	0.0646± 0.061^ab	0.0266± 0.025^abc	0.3461± 0.096^a	0.0899± 0.022^a
21 days	0.454± 0.39^b	0.116± 0.035^ab	0.733± 0.581^bcd	0.126± 0.062^ab	0.0055± 0.066^b	0.0806± 0.028^ab	0.0979± 0.105^ab	0.0427± 0.025^ab
28 days	0.521± 0.36^b	0.109± 0.032^abc	1.533± 0.533^abcd	0.129± 0.057^ab	0.2160± 0.060^a	0.0910± 0.025^a	0.1786± 0.096^ab	0.1013± 0.022^a
35 days	0.433± 0.36^b	0.134± 0.032^a	2.235± 0.533^ab	0.261± 0.057^a	0.0576± 0.060^ab	0.0467± 0.025^abc	0.3411± 0.096^a	0.0817± 0.022^a
42 days	0.543± 0.36^b	0.109± 0.032^abc	2.271± 0.533^a	0.150± 0.057^ab	0.0877± 0.060^ab	0.0320± 0.025^abc	0.3651± 0.096^a	0.0881± 0.022^a
49 days	0.491± 0.36^b	ND	0.1378± 0.533^abcd	0.048± 0.057^b	ND	0.0366± 0.025^abc	0.1844± 0.096^ab	0.0464± 0.022^ab

Treatment	Hesperidin	Rutin (g/kg DM)	Phloridzin (g/kg DM)	Quercetin (g/kg DM)	Naringenin (g/kg DM)	Galangin (g/kg DM)
Dehydrated	74.41±12.1^ab	0.039±0.008^a	0.057±0.408^a	0.114±0.019^a	0.183±0.305^a	0.407±0.192^b
Fresh	78.64±13.2^ab	0.017±0.009^abc	0.047±0.444^a	0.064±0.020^ab	0.632±0.333^a	0.620±0.210^ab
Silage 7 days	68.20±12.1^ab	0.025±0.008^ab	0.156±0.408^a	0.080±0.019^ab	0.133±0.305^a	0.616±0.192^b
14 days	66.39±12.1^ab	0.026±0.008^ab	0.041±0.408^a	0.086±0.019^ab	0.429±0.305^a	0.580±0.192^b
21 days	65.90±13.2^ab	0.007±0.009^bc	0.360±0.444^a	0.046±0.020^b	0.993±0.333^a	0.598±0.210^b
28 days	98.87±12.1^a	0.006±0.008^bc	1.139±0.408^a	0.057±0.019^b	0.443±0.305^a	0.530±0.192^b
35 days	73.83±12.1^ab	0.019±0.008^abc	0.246±0.408^a	0.050±0.019^b	0.636±0.305^a	0.541±0.192^b
42 days	83.91±12.1^ab	0.002±0.008^c	0.169±0.408^a	0.066±0.019^ab	0.617±0.305^a	1.150±0.192^a
49 days	58.01±12.1^b	0.010±0.009^bc	0.877±0.444^a	0.042±0.020^b	0.367±0.333^a	0.495±0.210^b

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
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[TFN1] DM: dry matter, ADF: acid detergent fiber, NDF: neutral detergent fiber and CP: crude protein. ^a,b,c,d values with different letter between rows indicate statistical differences (P<0.05).