The role of ischemic preconditioning in gene expression related to inflammation in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury¹

Abstract

Purpose:

To investigate the gene expression related to inflammation on mice subjected to intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and treated with ischemic preconditioning (IPC).

Methods:

Thirty rats (EPM-Wistar), distributed in five groups of six animals each, were underwent anesthesia and laparotomy. The ischemia time was standardized in 60 minutes and the reperfusion time 120 minutes. IPC was standardized in 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion accomplished before I/R. The control group was submitted only to anesthesia and laparotomy. The other groups were submitted to ischemia, I/R, ischemia + IPC and I/R + IPC. It was collected a small intestine sample to analyses by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in real Time (RT-qPCR) and histological analyses. It was studied 27 genes.

Results:

The groups that received IPC presented downregulation of genes, observed in of genes in IPC+ischemia group and IPC+I/R group. Data analysis by clusters showed upregulation in I/R group, however in IPC groups occurred downregulation of genes related to inflammation.

Conclusion:

The ischemia/reperfusion promoted upregulation of genes related to inflammation, while ischemic preconditioning promoted downregulation of these genes.

Key words:
Inflammation; Gene Expression; Ischemia; Reperfusion; Ischemic Preconditioning; Rats

Introduction

During ischemia, there is loss of blood supply; target organs are deprived of oxygen and metabolic substrates, making it difficult to remove harmful substances from cells, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS)^1,2. These substances play an important role in lipid peroxidation, compromising the structural and functional integrity of cell membrane and organelles, as mitochondria, with subsequent cellular damage. In the ischemic phase, hypoxic injury is the predominant process^3-5.

Following the period of ischemia, the tissues adapt to the anaerobic metabolism. Restoration of the blood flow results in an excessive supply of oxygen, leading to the activation of macrophages in the vasculature and consequent generation of ROS. The key event of reperfusion injury is the activation of macrophages, the primary source of extracellular ROS. ROS are the main agents of reperfusion injury, causing endothelial damage and inflammatory cytokine release^6,7.

The pathogenic process triggered by ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R), like in dysfunction and a transplanted organ, myocardial infarction, or shock, and stimulates both immune and inflammatory pathways. The activation of inflammatory cells and cytotoxic cytokine expression are associated with I/R injury. The activation of these inflammatory mediators initiates several interconnected cascades, which are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions. These phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction pathways initiate transcription of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes to repair damaged cells⁸.

I/R resulting from occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery may lead to damage to the intestinal mucosa and promotes release of inflammatory mediators, resulting in a systemic response. Intestinal lesions caused by I/R would mainly result from the following factors: loss of endothelial viability, adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to vessel walls, lesions on cell membranes and especially on organelles, as mitochondria. This process usually occurs in clinical situations, such as mesenteric ischemia, septic shock, extensive burns and intestinal transplantation. Thus, I/R plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS), since it is associated with an increase in intestinal permeability, which is one of the causal factors of bacterial translocation that allows intestinal bacterium to burn to extra-intestinal sites^9,10.

Several strategies have been studied with the aim of protecting organs from I/R injury. One of these is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC is an adaptive response of tissue to brief periods of ischemia, which provides prior conditioning and serves to protect tissue from prolonged subsequent ischemic damage and reperfusion injury^7,9. Ischemic tolerance is induced by the regulation of endothelial function, blood flow, reduced macrophage and neutrophil activity^7,11. Adenosine, kinase C protein (KCP), cardiac shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes have been listed as mediators of IPC, however the precise role of each and the mechanisms are not fully elucidated^12,13.

The clarification and understanding of the mechanisms used by several approaches to the protection conferred by IPC in different organs invariably requires knowledge of the changes in gene expression triggered during the process.

Some studies have proposed that the use of the quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method (RT-qPCR) to evaluate specific gene expression during I/R could be crucial to understanding the biochemical mechanism and the effects of protective treatments^14-16.

By using Rat Endothelial Cell Biology PCR microarray, we investigate if intestinal I/R modifies gene expression encoding pro-inflammatory proteins in the rat enteric endothelial cells and if IPC treatment modifies this response.

Methods

The experimental protocol was submitted and approved by Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Ethics Committee on Animal Research, protocol number 1815/08.

Adult, male Wistar rats (n=30) weighing between 250 and 300g, from the Center For Experimental Models Development in Medicine and Biology-UNIFESP were used. The animals were kept under standard conditions of light, humidity, temperature and nutrition, and 6 hours before the experiment the supply of solid food was restricted. Intramuscular anesthesia was performed with a combination of xilazine (10mg/kg) and ketamine (60mg/kg). Midline laparotomy was performed and exposure of the upper superior mesenteric vessels. Animals were randomly assigned to one of each five groups:

1. Control group (CG, n=6): these animals were submitted to laparotomy without clamping of superior mesenteric artery;

2. Ischemia group (IG, n=6): these animals were submitted to laparotomy and clamping of superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes;

3. Ischemia and reperfusion group (IRG, n=6): these animals were submitted to laparotomy and clamping of superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion;

4. IPC followed by ischemia group (IG+IPC, n=6): the animals were subjected to one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion before the prolonged ischemia for 60 minutes by clamping the superior mesenteric artery;

5. IPC followed by ischemia and reperfusion group (IRG+IPC, n=6): the animals were subjected to one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion before the prolonged ischemia for 60 minutes by clamping the superior mesenteric artery. This was followed by reperfusion for 120 minutes.

The ischemia was confirmed by observing the pale appearance of the clamped intestine and the lack of arterial beating. After ischemia, the clamp was removed, and the reperfusion was evaluated based on immediate color recovery and arterial beating. The surgical wound remained covered with wet gauze wrappings throughout the experiment to minimize evaporative loss. In all the groups, after the experiment, two intestinal segments of jejunum were removed, longitudinally opened, gently washed in saline solution 0.9%, wrapped in aluminum foil, and immediately freezing in liquid nitrogen for storage in ultralow freezer. After this, the euthanasia of the animals was performed by anesthetic overdose.

Real-time PCR

Total RNA was extracted by using Trizol reagent. Then, 2μg of RNA was used for reverse transcription into cDNA. Real-time PCR was runner in the MX3000P thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). PCR was performed according to the manufacture instructions in 96-well plates to detect the expression of 84 genes related to Endothelial Cell Biology (PARN-015Z). The conditions for PCR were 95°C for 5 min, 40 amplification cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 58°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 45 s. β-actin served as an internal reference and the expression of target genes was normalized to that of β-actin. Comparative Ct threshold method and the ΔΔCt was used for relative quantification¹⁷,¹⁸. Expression gene data for each sample were evaluated in triplicate. The results of gene expression were presented like positive expression, an up-regulation (+), or negative expression, a down-regulation (-). The software stablished the results three times above (hyper expression) or three times below (hypo expression) of limit allowed by the algorithm [2^ (- ΔΔ Ct)], like a biologically meaningful way.

Statistical analysis

The groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test to evaluate differences among groups.

Results

From a cluster of 27 genes related to the cascade of inflammation only eight showed down regulation (-) or up regulation (+). Data analysis by clusters showed upregulation in I/R group, however in IPC groups occurred down regulation of the genes related to inflammation. Such down regulation of the genes in groups that received IPC was observed in 100 % of IG and IRG groups. The relative date of expression the eight genes related to inflammatory response in rat endothelial cell belonging to the IG, IG+IPC, IRG and IRG+IPC groups are listed in Table 1.

Table 1
Expression of eight genes related to inflammatory response in the endothelial intestinal cell of rats of ischemic group (IG), ischemic and reperfusion group (IRG), preconditioning and ischemia group (IG+IPC) and preconditioning and ischemic and reperfusion group (IRG+IPC) compared to control group. Significant values of fold up (+) or down (-) regulation was marked in bold [2^(-Delta Ct)].

				GROUPS
	Gene Symbol	Gene description	IG	IG +IPC	IRG	IRG+IPC
1	Ccl2	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	-7.90*	-77.76*	-7.31*	-54.38*
2	Ccl5	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5	+1.30	-5.44*	-2.70	-4.51*
3	Cx3cl1	Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1	-17.77*	-30.97*	-8.62*	-9.27*
4	Cxcl2	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2	-6.39*	-6.23*	-3.76	-8.40*
5	Fn1	Fibronectin 1	-20.98*	-17.14*	+24.57*	-9.74*
6	Il1b	Interleukin 1 beta	-1.95	-16.03*	+1.92	-8.59*
7	Il6	Interleukin 6	-8.09*	-20.08*	+3.52	-14.74*
8	Sele	Selectin, endothelial cell	-33.61*	-118.55*	+5.82*	-116.97*

• *=p<0.05 for the sample in triplicate values.

Discussion

The complex mechanisms involving cellular death after the I/R injury are not completely understood. Significant increases of content of ROS in tissues exposed to I/R have been observed, so that these tissues were showed increment of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and hydrogen peroxide, and associated with decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. ROS play a major role in the pathophysiology of the ischemic injury through oxidative damage to membrane lipids and proteins¹⁹.

In vascular endothelial cells, thrombin induces increment of cytosolic Ca2+ levels and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production. Because of the formation of cytotoxic products, such as free radicals and leukotrienes, excess intracellular Ca2+ triggers irreversible mitochondrial damage, inflammation and cell death and/or necrosis¹⁹.

Associated with a wide variety of pathologic conditions, I/R injury of the gastrointestinal tract leads to a systemic inflammatory response due the bacterial translocation and endotoxin, responsible for the induction of cytokine cascades and pro-inflammatory mediators, which may cause dysfunction of multiple organs¹⁹.

Prolonged I/R rapidly causes substantial and irreversible intestinal tissue damage. Although restoration of blood flow to intestinal ischemic tissue is critical for tissue salvage, reperfusion also introduces inflammatory changes that exacerbates injury. IPC is a simple procedure that can promote cytoprotecting in critical organs and has clinical applications. Although intestinal IPC triggers powerful protective effects, mechanisms by which it alleviates intestinal injury remain to be elucidated²⁰.

Several protocols of IPC have been established. The model with 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion was chosen for this study because it has been demonstrated to protect organs against I/R injury, and also due to our aim to study precocious changes⁹. When the intestinal ischemia was fulfilled for 90 minutes, a lack of response occurred in the animal, which was unable to produce and release the inflammatory mediators; therefore, the animals that underwent IPC before 90 minutes of ischemia also had a theoretically greater capacity to provide a response to injury⁹. For this reason, we choose 60 minutes of ischemia, for allow to assess the tissue answer to IPC stimulus. Based on the studies that support that acute intestinal injuries are detectable at two hours after 45 minutes of intestinal ischemia, we choose two hours of reperfusion to evaluate the effect of IPC on the expression of inflammatory genes⁹.

Our results demonstrate a down regulation of genes related to inflammation at endothelial cell biology in the rats that underwent IPC (Table 1). The down regulation of these genes was observed in the IPC+IG and IPC+IRG groups, suggesting the hypothesis that IPC promotes the decreased expression genes that modulate the inflammatory damages produced by I/R. To realize our analysis, we sought to group genes according to the similarity of their previously characterized cellular activity. We focused in cluster pro-inflammation related gene that are relevant to intestinal I/R.

Thus, our results showed a marked inhibition in Ccl2, Ccl5 Ccl5, Cx3c1, Cxcl2 , Fn1, Il1b, Il6 and Sele, genes encodes in both the IPC+IG and the IPC+IRG groups. The chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl5, Cx3c1, Cxcl2) control the trafficking of innate immune cells between bone marrow, blood and peripheral tissues during inflammation. The significant hypo expression of Ccl2 in IPC characterizes mitigation of the chemotaxis to monocytes and basophils, like all of inflammation process²¹. The down regulation of Ccl5 in IPC groups suggests decreased release of inflammation mediators and consequent decreased inflammatory aggression in this group. The Ccl5 encodes proteins attractive to monocytes, promotes the monocytes histamine release, and attracts eosinophil²². Cx3cl1 is a powerful attractive to T cells and monocytes and promote wrong adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial activated cells^23,24. The down regulation of this genes in the groups with IPC was significant, below three times of the threshold, and also significant when compared to control group, which demonstrates the protection conferred by IPC.

The Fn1 gene encodes a glycoprotein involved in migration and adhesiveness cell process. The up regulation of Fn1 was more accentuated in IRG group (+24.57), and the IPC was able to block significantly this increase (-9.74). Cx3cl1 was also down regulated (-) in the IPC groups, more significantly in the IPC+IG group (-30.97).

The IL1 β encodes a cytokine known like leukocytic pyrogen²⁵. The significant down regulation of IL1β in IPC groups characterizes its protector effect against the inflammatory aggressions of I/R. Thus, Interleukin 6 (IL6) encodes a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by T cells and macrophages, and an anti-inflammatory myosin, which effect is mediates through inhibitory effect on TNFα and IL1, besides of activation of IL-1ra and IL10. Actually, there exist several data shown the implying of the IL6 as a mediator of several physiologic functions, like lymphocyte differentiation, cell proliferation and survival, beyond potentiate apoptotic signals²⁶. The down regulation of IL6 in the IPC groups represented decreased of tissue inflammation.

The protein encoded by Sele gene in the endothelial cells is stimulated by cytokines as well as responsible for attract leukocytes to the inflammation sites, besides of mediating adhesion of cells to vascular wall. These proteins are part of selectins family²⁷. In the groups that received IPC the down regulation expression of Sele was significant (IPC+IG = -118,55; IPC+IRG = -116,97), thus reducing of expressive form the inflammatory stimulus.

These results indicate that attenuation by IPC of intestinal I/R injury, previously demonstrated in rats, is related with ability of IPC in modulate expression of proteins involved in inflammatory responses, by up regulation (+) of genes encoding inflammatory proteins and down regulation of genes encoding pro-inflammatory proteins.

The protective effect conferred by the PC procedure reduces the inflammatory damages caused by the I/R injury.

Conclusion

Ischemic preconditioning protect endothelial cell of rat intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing inflammatory lesions.

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• 1
  Research performed at Division of Surgical Techniques and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Dec 2018

History

• Received
  09 Aug 2018
• Reviewed
  05 Oct 2018
• Accepted
  08 Nov 2018