Opstad et al. ( 1616 Opstad PK, Aakvaag A, Rognum TO. Altered hormonal response to short-term bicycle exercise in young men after prolonged physical strain, caloric deficit, and sleep deprivation. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1980;45:51-62. ) |
1980 |
n=11, men Age: 23.7 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 4.5 days of military training Food intake: 1,500 kcal/day Sleep: 1-2 hours total during training Actual FTX Temperature condition: 25 °C – day; 5 °C - night |
↑TSH ↓T4↓T3 ↔Insulin ↑GH ↑prolactin ↑dopamine ↑epinephrine ↑norepinephrine |
Opstad, Aakvaag ( 1717 Opstad PK, Aakvaag A. The effect of a high calory diet on hormonal changes in young men during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1981;46:31-9. ) |
1981 |
n=11, men Age: 22.9 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake: G1: 6,400 kcal/day G2: 1,500 kcal/day Sleep: 2 hours total during training Actual FTX Temperature condition: 25 °C (max, day); 5-10 °C (min, night) |
G1: ↓T3 ↓T4 ↓TSH ↑GH ↓↓Cortisol ↓ Insulin G2: ↓↓T3 ↓T4 ↓↓TSH ↑↑GH ↓Cortisol ↓↓Insulin |
Opstad, Aakvaag ( 1818 Opstad PK, Aakvaag A. Decreased serum levels of oestradiol, testosterone, and prolactin during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation, and the influence of a high calory diet. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1982;49:343-8. ) |
1982 |
n=11, men Age: 22.9 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake G1: 6,400 kcal/day G2: 1,500 kcal/day Sleep: 2 hours total during training Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
G1: ↓Estradiol ↓prolactin ↓testosterone G2: ↓Estradiol ↓prolactin ↓testosterone |
Oektedalen et al. ( 1919 Oektedalen O, Opstad PK, de Muckadell OBS. Secretin – a new stress hormone? Regul Pept. 1982;4:213-9. ) |
1982 |
n=24, men Age: 23.5 ± 2.5 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake and sleep: G1: 1,500 kcal/day and 1-2 hours total during training G2: 6,300 kcal/day and 1-2 hours total during training, G3: 1,500 kcal/day and 3 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
G1: ↑secretin G2: ↑secretin G3: ↑secretin |
Opstad, Aakvaag ( 2020 Opstad PK, Aakvaag A. The effect of sleep deprivation on the plasma levels of hormones during prolonged physical strain and calorie deficiency. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1983;51:97-107. ) |
1983 |
n=17, men Age: 24.3 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake: 1,500 kcal/day Sleep: G1: 1-3 hours total during training G2: 3 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: 25-30 °C (max, day); 5-10 °C (min, night) |
G1: ↑TSH ↓T3 ↓T4 ↓↓DHT ↓↓androstenedione ↓↓testosterone ↑GH ↓prolactin ↓↓cortisol ↓LH ↓dopamine ↓epinephrine ↓↓norepinephrine G2: ↑TSH ↓T3 ↓T4 ↓DHT ↓androstenedione ↓testosterone ↑GH ↓prolactin ↓cortisol ↓↓LH ↓dopamine ↓epinephrine ↓norepinephrine |
Oektedalen et al. ( 2121 Oektedalen O, Opstad PK, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Fausa O, Flaten O. Basal hyperchlorhydria and its relation to the plasma concentrations of secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and gastrin during prolonged strain. Regul Pept. 1983;5:235-44. ) |
1983 |
n=20, men Age: 25 ± 5 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake: ND Sleep: 6-7 hours total during training G1: had 1 g cimetidine intake daily G2: had placebo intake Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
G1: ↑secretin ↑VIP ↔gastrin ↑ stomach acid ↑pentagastrin ↔glucose G2: ↑↑secretin ↑VIP ↑gastrin ↑↑ stomach acid ↑↑pentagastrin ↓glucose |
Øktedalen et al. ( 2222 Øktedalen O, Opstad PK, Fahrenkrug J, Fonnum F. Plasma Concentration of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide during Prolonged Physical Exercise, Calorie Supply Deficiency, and Sleep Deprivation. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;18:1057-62. ) |
1983 |
n=24, men Age: 23.5 ± 2.5 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake and sleep: G1: 1,500 kcal/day and 1-2 hours total during training G2: 6,500 kcal/day e 1-2 hours total during training G3: 1,500 kcal/day e 3 hours daily G4: 5 days of fasting (did not take part in the training sessions) Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
G1: ↔GIP ↓insulin G2: ↔GIP ↓insulin G3: ↔GIP ↓insulin G4: ↔GIP ↓insulin |
Opstad et al. ( 2323 Opstad PK, Falch D, Øktedalen O, Fonnum F, Wergeland R. The thyroid function in young men during prolonged exercise and the effect of energy and sleep deprivation. Clin Endocrinol. 1984;20:657-69. ) |
1984 |
n=24, men Age: 24 ± 3 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 5 days of military training Food intake and sleep: G1: 1,200 kcal/day and 1-3 hours total during training G2: 8,000 kcal/day and 1-3 hours total during training G3: 1,200 kcal/day and 3 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: approximately 20 °C |
G1: ↓TSH ↓T3 ↓T4 ↓↓FT4 ↔TBG ↑rT3 G2: ↓TSH ↑T3 ↑T4 ↓FT4 ↑TBG ↔rT3 G3: ↓TSH ↓T3 ↓T4 ↓↓FT4 ↔TBG ↑rT3 |
Guezennec et al. ( 2424 Guezennec CY, Satabin P, Legrand H, Bigard AX. Physical performance and metabolic changes induced by combined prolonged exercise and different energy intakes in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994;68:525-30. ) |
1994 |
n=27, men Age: NR TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 4 days of military training Food intake G1: 1,800 kcal/day G2: 3,200 kcal/day G3: 4,200 kcal/day Sleep: 3-4 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: 18-25 °C |
G1: ↓insulin ↓↓testosterone ↓glucose ↑↑FFA ↑myoglobin G2: ↓insulin ↓testosterone ↔glucose ↑FFA ↑myoglobin G3: ↓insulin ↓testosterone ↔glucose ↑FFA ↑myoglobin |
Opstad et al. ( 2525 Opstad PK, Haugen AH, Sejersted OM, Bahr R, Skrede KK. Atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma after prolonged physical strain, energy deficiency, and sleep deprivation. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994;68:122-6. ) |
1994 |
n=31, men Age: 28 ± 2 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 6 days of military training Food intake: ND Sleep: 1-3 hours total during training Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↔ ANP |
Nindl et al. ( 2626 Nindl BC, Castellani JW, Young AJ, Patton JF, Khosravi MJ, Diamandi A, et al. Differential responses of IGF-I molecular complexes to military operational field training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;95(3):1083-9. ) |
2003 |
n=12, men Age: 23 ± 1 years TBM: 85 ± 4 kg |
Physical activity: 3 days of military training Food intake: ND Sleep: 1 hour daily Simulated FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↓total IGF-1 ↓free IGF-1 ↓nonternary IGF-I ↓IGFBP-1 ↓IGFBP-3 ↑ferritin ↑FFA ↑glycerol ↑glucose ↑hydroxybutyrate ↓prealbumin |
Gomez-Merino et al. ( 2727 Gomez-Merino D, Drogou C, Chennaoui M, Tiollier E, Mathieu J, Guezennec CY. Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones, and Respiratory Infections. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12(3):164-72. ) |
2005 |
n=21, men Age: 21 ± 2 years TBM: NR |
Physical activity: 3 weeks and 5 days of military training Food intake: ND Sleep: ND Actual FTX Temperature condition: 12-25 °C |
↓cortisol ↓testosterone ↓leptin ↑DHEA-S ↑IL-6 ↑dopamine ↑lymphocytes ↑leukocytes ↑neutrophils ↑platelets ↑monocytes ↑white-cell count ↑ NK ↑CD4+ ↑CD3+ ↑CD8+ |
Nindl et al. ( 99 Nindl BC, Rarick KR, Castellani JW, Tuckow AP, Patton JF, Young AJ, et al. Altered secretion of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone after 84 h of sustained physical exertion superimposed on caloric and sleep restriction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100(1):120-8. ) |
2006 |
n=10, men Age: 22 ± 3 years TBM: 87 ± 8 kg |
Physical activity: 4 days of military training Food intake: 2,800 kcal/day Sleep: 2 hours daily Simulated FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↑LH ↑GH ↔leptin ↓testosterone ↓total IGF-1 ↓free IGF-1 ↓IGFBP-3 ↑IGFBP-1 ↑FFA ↔glucose |
Booth et al. ( 2828 Booth CK, Probert B, Forbes-Ewan C, Coad RA. Australian Army Recruits in Training Display Symptoms of Overtraining. Mil Med. 2006;171:1059-64. ) |
2006 |
n=38, men Age: 22 years TBM: 78.8 kg n=5, women Age: 29.5 years TBM: 64.5 kg |
Physical activity: 45 days of military training Food intake: ND Sleep: ND Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
Men: ↑cortisol ↓testosterone ↑CRP ↑TNF ↓lymphocytes ↓neutrophils ↓hemoglobin ↓ferritin Women: ↑cortisol ↓testosterone ↑CRP ↑TNF ↓lymphocytes ↓neutrophils ↓hemoglobin ↓ferritin |
Gundersen et al. ( 2929 Gundersen Y, Opstad PK, Reistad T, Thrane I, Vaagenes P. Seven days’ around the clock exhaustive physical exertion combined with energy depletion and sleep deprivation primes circulating leukocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;97:151-7. ) |
2006 |
n=8, men Idade: 25.8 ± 0.9 years TBM: 80 ± 3.7 kg |
Physical activity: 7 days of military training Food intake: 300-800 kcal/day Sleep: 1 hour daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↓leptin ↑cortisol ↑IL-1 ↑IL-6 ↑CRP ↑TNF-alpha ↑IL-beta ↑MMP-9 ↔TIMP-1 ↑leukocytes ↑monocytes ↓hemoglobin ↓hematocrit |
Nindl et al. ( 3030 Nindl BC, Alemany JA, Kellogg MD, Rood J, Allison SA, Young AJ, et al. Utility of circulating IGF-I as a biomarker for assessing body composition changes in men during periods of high physical activity superimposed upon energy and sleep restriction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;103:340-6. ) |
2007 |
n=34, men Age: 24 ± 3 years TBM: 82.3 ± 7.8 kg |
Physical activity: 8 days of military training Food intake: 1,000 a 1,500 kcal/day Sleep: 4 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↑T4 ↑GH ↓testosterone ↓leptin IGF-1 system: ↓ IGF-1 total/IGFBP-2 ↓ IGF-1total/IGFBP-3 ↓ IGF-I total/ALS ↓IGFBP-3/IGFBP-2 ↓ALS/IGFBP-2 ↔ALS/IGFBP-3 ↑ferritin |
Alemany et al. ( 3131 Alemany JA, Nindl BC, Kellogg MD, Tharion WJ, Young AJ, Montain SJ. Effects of dietary protein content on IGF-I, testosterone, and body composition during 8 days of severe energy deficit and arduous physical activity. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;105(1):58-64. ) |
2008 |
n=34, men Age: 24.5 ± 0.3 years TBM: 83 ± 1.4 kg |
Physical activity: 8 days of military training Food intake G1: protein intake of 0.5 g/kg of body mass daily G2: protein intake of 0.9 g/kg of body mass daily Sleep: ND Actual FTX Temperature condition: 19.3-29.6 °C |
G1: ↓total IGF-1↓free IGF-1 ↓nonternary IGF-1 ↓IGFBP-3 ↑ALS ↓testosterone ↑↑SHBG ↓↓DHEA ↑DHEA-S G2: ↓total IGF-1 ↓free IGF-1 ↓nonternary IGF-1 ↓IGFBP-3 ↑ALS ↓testosterone ↑SHBG ↓↓DHEA ↑DHEA-S |
Henning et al. ( 3232 Henning PC, Scofield DE, Spiering BA, Staab JS, Matheny RW Jr, Smith MA, et al. Recovery of Endocrine and Inflammatory Mediators Following an Extended Energy Deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:956-64. ) |
2014 |
n=23, men Age: 23 ± 2.8 years TBM: 81 ± 9.6 kg |
Physical activity: 8 weeks of military training Food intake: 2,200 kcal/day Sleep: 0-5 hours daily Actual FTX Temperature condition: ND |
↓T3 ↑TSH ↔T4 ↓Testosterone ↑SHBG ↔cortisol ↓BDNF ↓total IGF-1 ↓free IGF-1 ↑↑IGFBP-1 ↑↑IGFBP-2 ↑IGFBP-3 ↓IGFBP-6 ↑IL-4 ↑IL-6 ↑IL-8 ↔IL-1 ↔IL-10 ↔TNF ↔CRP |