| Mark et al., 20112424. Neyestani TR, Hajifaraji M, Omidvar N, Nikooyeh B, Eshraghian MR, Shariatzadeh N, et al. Calcium-vitamin D-fortified milk is as effective on circulating bone biomarkers as fortified juice and supplement but has less acceptance: a randomised controlled school-based trial. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014;27:606-16.
|
159 Canadian children of both sexes. |
8-11 years |
To describe the modifiable correlates of vitamin D status in youth; including intake of vitamin D food sources, supplements, physical activity and adiposity. |
Prospective |
A 24-hour food recall for 3 days was used to evaluate the consumption of Vitamin D by diet and supplementation. |
15 ng/mL |
Vitamin D intake was below current recommendations, with 45% of youths having 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL; Greater physical activity showed an increase of 0.84 ng/mL of 25(OH)D. They believe it is unlikely that increased milk consumption or increased physical activity (outdoors) would increase vitamin D enough to reach sufficient levels of 25(OH)D in Canadian youth. |
| Rich-Edwards et al., 20112020. Petersen RA, Damsgaard CT, Dalskov SM, Sørensen LB, Hjorth MF, Ritz C, et al. Vitamin D status and its determinants during autumn in children at northern latitudes: a cross-sectional analysis from the optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study. Br J Nutr. 2016;115:239-50.
|
579 Mongolian children of both sexes. |
9-11 years |
To verify if daily supplementation of vitamin D would be more effective than seasonal supplementation |
Randomized |
Duration of 49 days.Group with ordinary milk - 710 mL/day. Group with US fortified milk - 710 mL/day containing 300 IU of vitamin D. Group with fortified milk in Mongolia day containing 300 IU of vitamin D. Group with vitamin D supplementation of 300 IU daily. Group with seasonal vitamin D supplementation - 13700 IU after 7 days. |
20 ng/mL |
Of the children who received seasonal supplementation after 49 days, 98% were still with low levels of vitamin D compared to 41% in those receiving daily supplementation or fortified milk. The impact of supplementation was greater in those who started with lower baseline vitamin D levels. Supplementation with 300 IU/day of vitamin D was not able to remove the children from the deficiency; it was suggested that larger daily doses are necessary. |
| Neyestan et al., 20142525. Weeks JP. Journal of Statistical Software. J Stat Softw. 2010;35(12).
|
410 Iranian children of both sexes. |
9-12 years |
To compare the effectiveness of vitamin D fortification in milk and orange juice and supplementation in primary school children. |
Randomized double blind |
Duration of 12 weeks. Group with pure milk. Group with fortified milk (100 IU of vitamin D and 500 mg of calcium per 200 mL package). Group with pure orange juice. Group with fortified orange juice (100 IU of vitamin D and 500 mg of calcium per 200 mL package). Group with supplement (200 IU of vitamin D and 500 mg of calcium). Placebo group. |
11 ng/mL |
After 12 weeks, supplementation with 200 IU of vitamin D and 500 mg of calcium was more effective in increasing 25(OH)D levels and in suppressing the seasonal increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. However, it was not verified that the intervention contributed to the increase of osteocalcin or reduction of parathormone. Consumption of 200 IU/day via supplement or 100 IU/day via food fortification was not effective to protect D hypovitaminosis. |
| Al-Ghannami et al., 20162323. Mark S, Lambert M, Delvin EE, O’Loughlin J, Tremblay A, Gray-Donald K. Higher vitamin D intake is needed to achieve serum 25(OH)D levels greater than 50 nmol/l in Quebec youth at high risk of obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:486-92.
|
314 children of Oman of both sexes. |
9-10 years |
To evaluate plasma fat-soluble vitamin levels in pre-adolescent schoolchildren. To observe the effects of the fish-based menu with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation by fish oil in children. |
Randomized |
Duration of 12 weeks. Control group with normal meals. Group with fish oil (403 mg of DHA and 53 mg of EPA). Group with a meal containing 100 g of grouper, snapper, kingfisher, emperor or anchovy fish (having 150 to 200 mg of omega-3). |
18 ng/mL |
In children who received fish oil or a fish meal, the vitamin D value was higher than in the control group. Only 7.3% of boys and 0.6% of girls had sufficient levels of 25 (OH) D> 30 ng/mL. There is an urgent need for a well-thought program that incorporates a food and beverage fortification and outdoor activities to help address this public health problem. |
| Petersen et al., 20162121. Soininen S, Eloranta AM, Lindi V, Venäläinen T, Zaproudina N, Mahonen A, Lakka TA. Determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in Finnish children: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. Br J Nutr . 2016;115:1080-91.
|
782 Danish children of both sexes. |
8-11 years |
To assess vitamin D status and its determinants in children in the fall period. |
Randomized |
A 24-hour food recall for 7 days was carried out to evaluate the consumption of food sources of vitamin D. |
20 ng/mL |
The large number of children (28.4%) with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL) is a concern. The use of vitamin D supplements 3d/7d was associated with an increase of approximately 3.6 ng/mL of 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency should not be perceived as a winter phenomenon. The non-white ethnicity and the female gender were associated with lower 25(OH)D. |
| Soininen et al., 20162222. Al-Ghannami SS, Sedlak E, Hussein IS, Min Y, Al-Shmmkhi SM, Al-Oufi HS, et al. Lipid-soluble nutrient status of healthy Omani school children before and after intervention with oily fish meal or re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil. Nutrition. 2016;32:73-8.
|
374 Finnish children of both sexes. |
6-8 years |
To investigate the distribution and serum 25(OH)D levels, and risk factors for low levels (<20 ng/mL) of 25(OH)D in Finnish children. |
Prospective |
A 4-day dietary recall was used to evaluate the quality of the diet. |
20 ng/mL |
4/5 of children do not consume the recommended daily amount of vitamin D. 1/5 of the children had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL). Fortified milk (0.5 μg/100 g of vitamin D) was the food that contributed to the highest concentration of 25(OH)D. Next, the supplement was also a determinant for vitamin D intake among girls. There is a need to increase the supply of vitamin D (from foods or supplements) to children who live in places with higher latitudes. |
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
