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• Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 16 (1) • Mar 1958 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1958000100002   copiar

As diversas aproximações à terapêutica de grupo

The different approaches to group psychoterapy

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumos

Nesta revisão é salientado o desenvolvimento e a importância atual da psicoterapia de grupo. O autor, baseado em sua experiência em psicoterapia analítica de grupo, faz um estudo crítico dos principais métodos empregados, passando em revista as contribuições mais representativas dos métodos repressivo, didático, psicodramático e psicanalítico. Divide êste último em duas orientações fundamentais: uma em que as interpretações do psicoterapeuta visam os pacientes do grupo e a outra que focaliza primordialmente o grupo como um todo, como uma unidade dinâmica. A grande maioria dos autores menciona resultados terapêuticos favoráveis, pelo menos modificações ou desaparecimento de sintomas, mas não há ainda afirmações concludentes de modificações profundas e duradouras na personalidade dos pacientes. Quanto ao modo como atua o tratamento, nos métodos repressivo e didático, verifica-se facilmente como não são levados em conta os conflitos inconscientes, o que significa que não são tocadas as verdadeiras origens dos sintomas neuróticos. A ação terapêutica do método psicodramático, pelo menos nos têrmos em que se encontra atualmente conceituada, é difícil de ser apreciada devidamente, merecendo, entretanto, uma revisão à luz da experiência psicanalítica. No método psicanalítico, o instrumento técnico pelo qual se tenta obter as modificações desejadas, como na análise individual, são as interpretações transferenciais. Cita-se os inconvenientes da orientação em que as interpretações focalizam predominantemente os pacientes no grupo e conclui-se ser a orientação que visa o grupo como um todo a única que se apresenta adequada ao manejo técnico das situações clínicas e oferece mais possibilidades terapêuticas afetivas. Sugere-se ainda o motivo do terapeuta interpretar aos indivíduos do grupo: trata-se de uma defesa contra-transferencial contra as ansiedades despertadas pela ação envolvente do grupo.

A review is presented concerning the importance and the progress of group psychotherapy. On the basis of his personal experience with analytical group psychotherapy, the author makes an appraisal of the most important methods which have been used, reviewing the most representative contributions of the repressive, didactic, psychodramatic and psychoanalytic methods. The psychoanalytic method is considered along two different orientations: a) in which the psychotherapist's interpretations are aimed at the individuals of the group; b) in which the interpretations are directed to the group as a whole, that is, as a dynamic unit. The majority of the authors reviewed register favourable therapeutic results, reporting at least changes or disappearance of symptoms. However there has not been any conclusive study reporting deep and lasting personality changes. As to the mode of action of the different methods, the following can be said: in the repressive and didactic methods one can readily see that inconscient conflicts are not taken into consideration, which means that these methods do not touch the true origins of neurotic symptoms; the therapeutic action of the psychodrama as it is now conceived, is difficult to appreciate, deserving further studies through an appraisal from the point of view of psychoanalytical experience. In the psychoanalytic method of group therapy the technical instrument through which one attempts to obtain the desired changes is the transferencial interpretations, as it is in individual analysis. However, the author stress the difference between the two mentioned orientations describing the inconveniences of the one in which the interpretations are aimed predominantly at the individuals in the group. The author concludes that the other orientation, in which the interpretations are directed to the group as a whole, is the only one that is adequate to the management of clinical situations and offers more effective therapeutic possibilities. The author also suggest that the psychotherapist's motives for giving interpretations to the individuals in the group is an attitude of defense (counter-transference) against anxiety arisen in him by involving action of the group.

As diversas aproximações à terapêutica de grupo

The different approaches to group psychoterapy

David Zimmermann

Psiquiatria do Hospital São Pedro e Assistente de Ensino da Cadeira de Clínica Psiquiátrica da Faculdade de Medicina de Pôrto Alegre

RESUMO

Nesta revisão é salientado o desenvolvimento e a importância atual da psicoterapia de grupo. O autor, baseado em sua experiência em psicoterapia analítica de grupo, faz um estudo crítico dos principais métodos empregados, passando em revista as contribuições mais representativas dos métodos repressivo, didático, psicodramático e psicanalítico. Divide êste último em duas orientações fundamentais: uma em que as interpretações do psicoterapeuta visam os pacientes do grupo e a outra que focaliza primordialmente o grupo como um todo, como uma unidade dinâmica.

A grande maioria dos autores menciona resultados terapêuticos favoráveis, pelo menos modificações ou desaparecimento de sintomas, mas não há ainda afirmações concludentes de modificações profundas e duradouras na personalidade dos pacientes. Quanto ao modo como atua o tratamento, nos métodos repressivo e didático, verifica-se facilmente como não são levados em conta os conflitos inconscientes, o que significa que não são tocadas as verdadeiras origens dos sintomas neuróticos. A ação terapêutica do método psicodramático, pelo menos nos têrmos em que se encontra atualmente conceituada, é difícil de ser apreciada devidamente, merecendo, entretanto, uma revisão à luz da experiência psicanalítica.

No método psicanalítico, o instrumento técnico pelo qual se tenta obter as modificações desejadas, como na análise individual, são as interpretações transferenciais. Cita-se os inconvenientes da orientação em que as interpretações focalizam predominantemente os pacientes no grupo e conclui-se ser a orientação que visa o grupo como um todo a única que se apresenta adequada ao manejo técnico das situações clínicas e oferece mais possibilidades terapêuticas afetivas. Sugere-se ainda o motivo do terapeuta interpretar aos indivíduos do grupo: trata-se de uma defesa contra-transferencial contra as ansiedades despertadas pela ação envolvente do grupo.

SUMMARY

A review is presented concerning the importance and the progress of group psychotherapy. On the basis of his personal experience with analytical group psychotherapy, the author makes an appraisal of the most important methods which have been used, reviewing the most representative contributions of the repressive, didactic, psychodramatic and psychoanalytic methods. The psychoanalytic method is considered along two different orientations: a) in which the psychotherapist's interpretations are aimed at the individuals of the group; b) in which the interpretations are directed to the group as a whole, that is, as a dynamic unit.

The majority of the authors reviewed register favourable therapeutic results, reporting at least changes or disappearance of symptoms. However there has not been any conclusive study reporting deep and lasting personality changes. As to the mode of action of the different methods, the following can be said: in the repressive and didactic methods one can readily see that inconscient conflicts are not taken into consideration, which means that these methods do not touch the true origins of neurotic symptoms; the therapeutic action of the psychodrama as it is now conceived, is difficult to appreciate, deserving further studies through an appraisal from the point of view of psychoanalytical experience.

In the psychoanalytic method of group therapy the technical instrument through which one attempts to obtain the desired changes is the transferencial interpretations, as it is in individual analysis. However, the author stress the difference between the two mentioned orientations describing the inconveniences of the one in which the interpretations are aimed predominantly at the individuals in the group. The author concludes that the other orientation, in which the interpretations are directed to the group as a whole, is the only one that is adequate to the management of clinical situations and offers more effective therapeutic possibilities. The author also suggest that the psychotherapist's motives for giving interpretations to the individuals in the group is an attitude of defense (counter-transference) against anxiety arisen in him by involving action of the group.

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. ACKERMAN, N. W. - a) Group therapy from viewpoint of a psychiatrist. Am. J. Orthospsychiat., 31:667, 1943; b) Dynamic patterns in group psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 7:341, 1944; c) Some theoretical aspects of group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy. J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945; d) Interterview group psychotherapy with psychoneurotic adults. In The Practice of Group Therapy, S. R. Slavson ed., International Universities Press, New YorK, 1947; e) Some structural problems in the relations of psychoanalysis and group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychoter., 4:131, 1954; f) Interaction processes in a group and the role of the leader. International Universities Press, New York, 1955.

2. ALTSHULER, I. M. - The organism-as-a-whole and music therapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed. Beacon House, New York, 1945.

3. BAHIA, A. B. - Experiências psicanalíticas em terapia de grupo. Medicina, Cirurgia e Farmácia (Rio de Janeiro), 220:333, 1954.

4. BION, W. R. - a) Experiences in groups I. Hum. Relat., 1:314, 1948; b) Experiences in groups II. Hum. Relat., 1:487, 1948; c) Experiences in groups III. Hum. Relat., 2:13, 1949; d) Experiences in groups IV. Hum. Relat., 2: 295, 1949; e) Experiences in groups V. Hum. Relat., 3:5, 1950; f) Experiences in groups VI. Hum. Relat., 3:395, 1950; g) Experiences in groups VII. Hum. Relat., 4:421, 1951; h) Group dynamics: a review. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 33:235, 1952.

5. BION, W. R.; RICKMAN, J. - Intra-group tensions in therapy. Lancet, 2:678, 1943.

6. BLACKMANN, N. - Experiences with a literary club in the group treatment of schizophrenia. J. Occupational Therapy, 19:293, 1940.

7. BUCK, R. W. - Class method in treatment of essential hypertension. Am. Int. Med., 11:511, 1937.

8. CHACE, M. - Thythm in movement as used in St. Elizabeths Hospital. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

9. CHAPPEL, M. N.; STAFANO, J. J.; ROGERSON, J. S.; PIKE, F. H. - Value of group psychological procedures in treatment of peptic ulcer. Amer. J. Digest. Dis. & Nut., 3:813, 1937.

10. COHEN, R. R. - Visual aids in group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

11. DREIKURS, R.; CORSINI, R. - Twenty years of group psychotherapy: purposes, methods and mechanisms. Am. J. Psychiatry, 110:567, 1954.

12. DREYFUS-MOREAU, J. - Bilan d'une expérience colletive. Rev. Française de Psychanalyse, 19:333, 1955.

13. EZRIEL, H. - a) A psychoanalytic approach to group treatment. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 23:59, 1950; b) Notes on Psychoanalytic Group Therapy: interpretation and research. Psychiatry, 15: 119, 1952.

14. FANTEL, E. - Psychodrama in an evacuation hospital. In Group Psychoterapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

15. FOULKES, S. H. - a) On group analysis. Int. J. Psychoanal., 27:46, 1946; b) Introduction to Group-Analytic Psychotherapy, William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London, 1948; c) Some similarities and differences between psychoanalytic principles and group-analytic principles. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 26:30, 1953; d) Group-analytic observation. Inter J. Psycho. Anal., 35:263, 1954.

16. HARRIS, H. I. - Efficient psychotherapy for the large outpatients clinic. New England J. Med., 221:1, 1939.

17. HERRIOT, F - Some use of psychodrama at St. Elizabeths Hospital. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

18. KLAPMANN, J. W. - Group Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice Grune & Stratton, New York, 1947.

19. LA-ZELL, E. W. - a) The group treatment of dementia praecox. Psychoanalyst. Tev., 8:168, 1921; b) Group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

20. LEBOVICI, S. - À propos de la psychanalyse de group. Rev. Française de Psychanalyse, 17:226, 1953.

21. LOW, A. A. - The combined system of group psychotherapy and self-help. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

22. MARSH, L. C. - a) Experiment in group treatment of patients at Worcester State Hospital. Ment. Hyg., 17:396, 1933; b) Group therapy and the psychiatric clinic. J. Nerv. a. Mental Dis., 82:381, 1935.

23. Mc KAY, L. A. - Music in the treatment of convalescents. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

24. MOLLER, A. - Le psychodrame selon Moreno. Rev. Française de Psychoanalyse, 16:416, 1952.

25. NOYES, A. P. - a) Modern Clinical Psychiatry, Third Edition. W. B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia & London, 1948; b) Modern Clinical Psychiatry, Fourth Edition. W. B. Saunders Co.. Philadelphia & London, 1953.

26. POWDERMAKER, F.; FRANK, J. - Group Psychotherapy. Studies in Methodology of Research and Therapy. Harvard University Press, Mass., 1953.

27. PRADOS, M. - Special technical aspects of group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychoter., 2:131, 1953.

28. PRATT, J. H. - a) The home sanatorium treatment of consumption. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 17:140, 1906; b) The group method in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

29. REDL, F. - a) Group emotion and leadership. Psychiatry, 5:575, 1942; 6) Resistence in Therapy Groups. Hum. Relat., 1:307, 1948.

30. RHOADES, W. - Group training in thought control for relieving nervous disorders. Ment. Hyg., 19:373, 1935.

31. ROME, H. P. - Therapeutic films and group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

32. ROSENBAUM, M. - The challange of group psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, 1:42, 1952.

33. SCHlLDER, P. - a) Results and Droblems of group psychotherapy in severe neuroses. Mental Hyg., 23:87, 1939; b) Introdutory remarks on groups. J. Social Psychol., 12:83, 1940.

34. SLAVSON, S. R - a) General Principles and Dynaamics in the Practice of Group-therapy. Inter-nationaL Universities Press, New York, 1947; b) Analytic Group Psychotherapy. Columbia Universities Press, New York, 1951; c) Common sources of error and confusion in group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychother., 2:3, 1953; d) Contribution to a systematic theory of group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychother., 4: 253, 1954; e) Syndrome versus symptom in group psychotherapy. In The Fields of Group Psychotherapy. International Universities Press, New York, 1956.

35. SNOWDEN, E. N. - Mass psychotherapy. Lancet, 2:769, 1940.

36. SUTHERLAND, J. D. - Notes on psychoanalytic group therapy: interpretation and research. Psychiatrâ, 15: 119, 1952.

37. TAYLOR, F. K.; REY, J. H. - The scapegoat motif in society and its manifestations in a therapeutic group. Int. J. Psychoanal., 34:253, 1953.

38. THOMAS, G. W. - Group psychotherapy. A review of the recent literature. Psychosomatic Med., 5:166, 1943.

39. WARD, M. H. - Note on psychomusic and musical group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

40. WENDER, L. - a) The dynamics of group psychotherapy and its application. J. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis., 84:54, 1936; b) Group Psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.

41. WOLF, A. - Sexual acting out in the psychoanalysis of groups. Int. J. Groups Psychother., 4: 469, 1954.

Êste trabalho é uma modificação do relatório do tema oficial "Hechos y Teorias en Psicoterapia de Grupo" do I Congresso Latino-Amerieano de Psicoterapia de Grupo, realizado na Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade de Buenos Aires em setembro de 1957 e fêz parte de uma tese inaugural apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina de Pôrto Alegre em agôsto do mesmo ano.

Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 204, apartº 21 - Pôrto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

  • 1. ACKERMAN, N. W. - a) Group therapy from viewpoint of a psychiatrist. Am. J. Orthospsychiat., 31:667, 1943;
  • b) Dynamic patterns in group psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 7:341, 1944;
  • c) Some theoretical aspects of group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy. J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945;
  • d) Interterview group psychotherapy with psychoneurotic adults. In The Practice of Group Therapy, S. R. Slavson ed., International Universities Press, New YorK, 1947;
  • e) Some structural problems in the relations of psychoanalysis and group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychoter., 4:131, 1954;
  • f) Interaction processes in a group and the role of the leader. International Universities Press, New York, 1955.
  • 2. ALTSHULER, I. M. - The organism-as-a-whole and music therapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed. Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 3. BAHIA, A. B. - Experiências psicanalíticas em terapia de grupo. Medicina, Cirurgia e Farmácia (Rio de Janeiro), 220:333, 1954.
  • 4. BION, W. R. - a) Experiences in groups I. Hum. Relat., 1:314, 1948;
  • b) Experiences in groups II. Hum. Relat., 1:487, 1948;
  • c) Experiences in groups III. Hum. Relat., 2:13, 1949;
  • d) Experiences in groups IV. Hum. Relat., 2: 295, 1949;
  • e) Experiences in groups V. Hum. Relat., 3:5, 1950;
  • f) Experiences in groups VI. Hum. Relat., 3:395, 1950;
  • g) Experiences in groups VII. Hum. Relat., 4:421, 1951;
  • h) Group dynamics: a review. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 33:235, 1952.
  • 5. BION, W. R.; RICKMAN, J. - Intra-group tensions in therapy. Lancet, 2:678, 1943.
  • 6. BLACKMANN, N. - Experiences with a literary club in the group treatment of schizophrenia. J. Occupational Therapy, 19:293, 1940.
  • 7. BUCK, R. W. - Class method in treatment of essential hypertension. Am. Int. Med., 11:511, 1937.
  • 8. CHACE, M. - Thythm in movement as used in St. Elizabeths Hospital. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 9. CHAPPEL, M. N.; STAFANO, J. J.; ROGERSON, J. S.; PIKE, F. H. - Value of group psychological procedures in treatment of peptic ulcer. Amer. J. Digest. Dis. & Nut., 3:813, 1937.
  • 10. COHEN, R. R. - Visual aids in group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 11. DREIKURS, R.; CORSINI, R. - Twenty years of group psychotherapy: purposes, methods and mechanisms. Am. J. Psychiatry, 110:567, 1954.
  • 12. DREYFUS-MOREAU, J. - Bilan d'une expérience colletive. Rev. Française de Psychanalyse, 19:333, 1955.
  • 13. EZRIEL, H. - a) A psychoanalytic approach to group treatment. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 23:59, 1950;
  • b) Notes on Psychoanalytic Group Therapy: interpretation and research. Psychiatry, 15: 119, 1952.
  • 14. FANTEL, E. - Psychodrama in an evacuation hospital. In Group Psychoterapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 15. FOULKES, S. H. - a) On group analysis. Int. J. Psychoanal., 27:46, 1946;
  • b) Introduction to Group-Analytic Psychotherapy, William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London, 1948;
  • c) Some similarities and differences between psychoanalytic principles and group-analytic principles. Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 26:30, 1953;
  • d) Group-analytic observation. Inter J. Psycho. Anal., 35:263, 1954.
  • 16. HARRIS, H. I. - Efficient psychotherapy for the large outpatients clinic. New England J. Med., 221:1, 1939.
  • 17. HERRIOT, F - Some use of psychodrama at St. Elizabeths Hospital. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 18. KLAPMANN, J. W. - Group Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice Grune & Stratton, New York, 1947.
  • 19. LA-ZELL, E. W. - a) The group treatment of dementia praecox. Psychoanalyst. Tev., 8:168, 1921;
  • b) Group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 20. LEBOVICI, S. - À propos de la psychanalyse de group. Rev. Française de Psychanalyse, 17:226, 1953.
  • 21. LOW, A. A. - The combined system of group psychotherapy and self-help. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 22. MARSH, L. C. - a) Experiment in group treatment of patients at Worcester State Hospital. Ment. Hyg., 17:396, 1933;
  • b) Group therapy and the psychiatric clinic. J. Nerv. a. Mental Dis., 82:381, 1935.
  • 23. Mc KAY, L. A. - Music in the treatment of convalescents. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 24. MOLLER, A. - Le psychodrame selon Moreno. Rev. Française de Psychoanalyse, 16:416, 1952.
  • 25. NOYES, A. P. - a) Modern Clinical Psychiatry, Third Edition. W. B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia & London, 1948;
  • b) Modern Clinical Psychiatry, Fourth Edition. W. B. Saunders Co.. Philadelphia & London, 1953.
  • 26. POWDERMAKER, F.; FRANK, J. - Group Psychotherapy. Studies in Methodology of Research and Therapy. Harvard University Press, Mass., 1953.
  • 27. PRADOS, M. - Special technical aspects of group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychoter., 2:131, 1953.
  • 28. PRATT, J. H. - a) The home sanatorium treatment of consumption. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 17:140, 1906;
  • b) The group method in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 29. REDL, F. - a) Group emotion and leadership. Psychiatry, 5:575, 1942;
  • 6) Resistence in Therapy Groups. Hum. Relat., 1:307, 1948.
  • 30. RHOADES, W. - Group training in thought control for relieving nervous disorders. Ment. Hyg., 19:373, 1935.
  • 31. ROME, H. P. - Therapeutic films and group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 32. ROSENBAUM, M. - The challange of group psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, 1:42, 1952.
  • 33. SCHlLDER, P. - a) Results and Droblems of group psychotherapy in severe neuroses. Mental Hyg., 23:87, 1939;
  • b) Introdutory remarks on groups. J. Social Psychol., 12:83, 1940.
  • 34. SLAVSON, S. R - a) General Principles and Dynaamics in the Practice of Group-therapy. Inter-nationaL Universities Press, New York, 1947;
  • b) Analytic Group Psychotherapy. Columbia Universities Press, New York, 1951;
  • c) Common sources of error and confusion in group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychother., 2:3, 1953;
  • d) Contribution to a systematic theory of group psychotherapy. Int. J. Group Psychother., 4: 253, 1954;
  • e) Syndrome versus symptom in group psychotherapy. In The Fields of Group Psychotherapy. International Universities Press, New York, 1956.
  • 35. SNOWDEN, E. N. - Mass psychotherapy. Lancet, 2:769, 1940.
  • 36. SUTHERLAND, J. D. - Notes on psychoanalytic group therapy: interpretation and research. Psychiatrâ, 15: 119, 1952.
  • 37. TAYLOR, F. K.; REY, J. H. - The scapegoat motif in society and its manifestations in a therapeutic group. Int. J. Psychoanal., 34:253, 1953.
  • 38. THOMAS, G. W. - Group psychotherapy. A review of the recent literature. Psychosomatic Med., 5:166, 1943.
  • 39. WARD, M. H. - Note on psychomusic and musical group psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 40. WENDER, L. - a) The dynamics of group psychotherapy and its application. J. Nerv. a. Ment. Dis., 84:54, 1936;
  • b) Group Psychotherapy. In Group Psychotherapy, J. L. Moreno ed., Beacon House, New York, 1945.
  • 41. WOLF, A. - Sexual acting out in the psychoanalysis of groups. Int. J. Groups Psychother., 4: 469, 1954.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    18 Fev 2014
  • Data do Fascículo
    Mar 1958
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