Relationship between oral transit time and functional performance in motor neuron disease

Relação entre tempo de trânsito oral e desempenho funcional na doença do neurônio motor

ABSTRACT

Oral phase swallowing impairment in motor neuron disease (MND) is caused by tongue weakness, fasciculation and atrophy, which may compromise oral transit time and total feeding time.

Objective:

To describe and correlate total oral transit time (TOTT) with functional performance in MND using different food consistencies.

Methods:

The study was conducted on 20 patients with MND, regardless of type or duration of the disease, of whom nine were excluded due to issues on the videofluoroscopic swallowing images. The remaining 11 patients (nine men and two women) ranged from 31 to 87 years of age (mean: 57 years) with scores on the Penetration Aspiration Scale ranging from ≤ 2 to ≤ 4. The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - revised questionnaire was applied to classify individuals according to global, bulbar and bulbar/respiratory parameters. Videofluoroscopy of swallowing using 5ml of different consistencies was performed and a quantitative temporal analysis of the TOTT was carried out with the aid of specific software.

Results:

There was a wide variation in the TOTT within the same food consistency among MND patients. There was a correlation between the TOTT and overall functional performance for the thickened liquid consistency (r = −0.691) and between the TOTT and bulbar performance for the pureed consistency (r = −0.859).

Conclusion:

Total oral transit time in MND varies within the same food consistency and the longer the TOTT, regardless of food consistency, the lower the functional performance in MND.

Keywords:
Deglutition; quantitative analysis; deglutition disorders; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

RESUMO

O comprometimento na fase oral da deglutição na doença do neurônio motor (DNM) é ocasionado por fraqueza, fasciculação e atrofia de língua, podendo comprometer o tempo de trânsito oral (TTO) e o tempo total de alimentação.

Objetivo:

Descrever e relacionar o tempo de trânsito oral total (TTOT) com o desempenho funcional na DNM em distintas consistências de alimento.

Métodos:

Participaram 20 indivíduos com DNM, independente do tipo ou tempo de doença. Foram incluídos 11 indivíduos, nove homens e duas mulheres, faixa etária de 31 a 87 anos (média de idade de 57 anos) e com Penetration Aspiration Scale (Rosenbek et al., 1996) de ≤ 2 a ≤ 4. Foram excluídos nove indivíduos por questões técnicas relacionadas às imagens videofluoroscópicas de deglutição. Aplicado o questionário Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - revised para classificação dos indivíduos de acordo com parâmetros Global, Bulbar e Bulbar/Respiratório. Realizada videofluoroscopia da deglutição com diferentes consistências de alimento no volume de cinco ml e análise quantitativa do TTOT por meio de software específico.

Resultados:

Houve ampla variação no TTOT dentro da mesma consistência de alimento na DNM. Houve correlação entre o TTOT e o desempenho funcional global na consistência líquida espessada (r = −0,691) e para o TTOT e o desempenho bulbar na pastosa (r = −0,859).

Conclusão:

O tempo de trânsito oral total na DNM varia dentro da mesma consistência de alimento e quanto mais longo o TTOT, independente da consistência do alimento, menor foi o desempenho funcional na DNM.

Palavras-chave:
Deglutição; análise quantitativa; transtornos de deglutição; esclerose lateral amiotrófica

The prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia is approximately 60% in patients with motor neuron disease (MND). This is a frequent symptom, especially in individuals with bulbar involvement, due to the initial impairment of lower motor neurons¹. Motor neuron disease is a generic term used to include four clinical syndromes, depending on the primary site of involvement of motor neurons^2,3,4.

Considering that oropharyngeal dysphagia is one of the critical symptoms of MND leading to malnutrition, dehydration, pneumonia, reduced quality of life and even death, swallowing should be evaluated early, and the involvement of swallowing phases should be monitored over the progression of the disease, to improve behaviors that minimize complications and promote quality of life in this population^5,6,7,8. Oropharyngeal dysphagia in MND can be diagnosed by videofluoroscopy of swallowing even before bulbar symptoms appear clinically, representing an essential examination for the management of dysphagia in this population^9,10. Deterioration of the oral phase of swallowing in MND is one of the initial and relevant signs caused by tongue weakness, fasciculation and atrophy, leading to tongue paralysis with the progression of the disease, and causing oral incoordination and longer oral transit time (OTT)¹¹. For some authors, early analysis of the oral phase of swallowing in MND, even in individuals with the spinal type who do not have symptoms during early phases of the disease, could help with the diagnosis and prognosis of dysphagia in this population^1,12,13.

In addition to oropharyngeal dysphagia, with an initial impact on the oral phase of swallowing, upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron involvement affect countless other activities of daily living in patients with MND, impairing the overall functionality of this population. It is known that the clinical changes occurring in MND affect the voluntary musculature, functionally compromising the motor and respiratory system and leading to difficulty/incapacity in performing activities of daily living, including feeding and swallowing^5,14. Therefore, understanding oropharyngeal dysphagia in the context of functional performance in MND could aid the decisionmaking process after patient evaluation.

Some studies that have analyzed oropharyngeal dysphagia in MND, concluding that this symptom could be a predictive factor for the identification of disease severity, have used only qualitative swallowing findings^{1,5,9,15,16,17}. To date, no studies have carried out a quantitative temporal analysis of the oral phase of swallowing in MND, a fact that makes the present study a pioneer in this population.

The above-mentioned qualitative studies of swallowing correlated some videofluoroscopic findings with functional performance in MND and found that, with the advancement of MND, worsening of the qualitative parameters of swallowing also occurred, generating significant changes in the swallowing dynamics with consequent risks for laryngotracheal penetration or aspiration, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia^1,13,18.

The objective of the present study was to describe and correlate the total oral transit time (TOTT) with functional performance in MND using different food consistencies.

METHODS

The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution by number 1.619.385. Individuals included in the survey and/or their legal representatives gave written informed consent to participate.

Patient series

Twenty MND patients, regardless of type or time of disease (mean time of MND diagnosis: three years and six months), diagnosed after clinical and objective examinations at the Neuromuscular Disease Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital de Base de Sao José do Rio Preto, participated in this study. Nine individuals were excluded due to technical issues related to the swallowing imaging. A total of 11 individuals were included in the final analysis, nine men and two women, aged 31-87 years (mean of 57 years), as described in Table 1, with a Penetration Aspiration Scale¹⁸ score from ≤ 2 to ≤ 4.

Table 1
Demographic aspects of motor neuron disease patients.

Variable	Sex	Age	Diagnosis	Time*
1	M	87	ALS/PBP	1.5 years
2	M	58	ALS	6 months
3	M	57	ALS	6 months
4	F	51	ALS	10 years
5	M	31	ALS	2 years
6	M	47	ALS familial	6 years
7	M	57	ALS	10 years
8	M	59	ALS	1 year
9	M	64	ALS	1 year
10	M	49	ALS	6 months
11	F	67	ALS	6 years

• ^*
  Time of diagnosis of MND. MND: motor neuron disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; PBP: progressive bulbar palsy

Functional performance analysis

All participants or relatives responded to the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - Revised¹⁹ applied by a speech-language pathologist in the form of an interview in a private room. The interviewer read the options to the patients and/or caregivers, took note of the response and subsequently performed the analysis of the results of the scale, ensuring the standardization of the evaluation. The scale comprises 12 items related to bulbar function (speech, salivation and swallowing), fine motor function (writing, cutting food/manipulating utensils, dressing and hygiene), gross motor function (turning in bed/adjusting bedding and climbing stairs) and respiratory function (orthopnea and respiratory insufficiency). The score varies from zero to four for each item, resulting in a total score from zero (disability) up to a maximum of 48 points (normal functionality).

Quantitative temporal analysis of swallowing

A videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing was performed in the radiology sector of the Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto. The individuals remained seated and the images were obtained in the lateral position, with upper and lower limits extending from the oral cavity to the esophagus, with the anterior limit marked by the lips, the posterior limit by the pharyngeal wall, the upper limit by the nasopharynx, and the lower limit by the cervical esophagus²⁰. A remote-controlled X-ray apparatus (Flexavision-Shimadzu, model HB) coupled to a high-resolution VGA converter was used for the analysis.

The following items were used to prepare the consistencies offered to the patients: pureed consistency: 40 ml of water + 15 ml of barium sulphate + 1 measure (4 g) of food thickener; thickened liquid consistency: 20 ml of water + 20 ml of barium sulphate; thin liquid consistency: 40 ml of water + 15 ml of barium sulphate. The three types of consistency were offered on a plastic spoon with a volume of 5 ml each. Three 5 ml portions of each consistency were given to the patients, and interrupted if there was laryngotracheal aspiration.

Images were captured at an acquisition rate of 30 frames per second, thus assessing the position of the bolus approximately every 33 milliseconds. The examinations were scanned and edited on the computer for quantitative analysis of oropharyngeal swallowing with software specifically developed for this purpose²¹.

In this study, the TOTT was defined as the interval in milliseconds between the first frame showing the food inside the oral cavity and the first frame showing the proximal part of the bolus in the final region of the hard palate and beginning of the soft palate, not exceeding the lower portion of the mandible, as proposed by Logemann et al.²² and adapted by Gatto et al.²³. The TOTT of the pureed consistency was measured in ten individuals, the TOTT of the thickened liquid consistency in nine individuals, and the TOTT of the thin liquid consistency in eight individuals.

The results were analyzed by calculating the frequency distribution, percentages, and summarized descriptive statistics, and are presented in the tables and in graphs of individual values. Means of incomplete data were compared by analysis of variance, assuming a level of significance of α = 0.05; and Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for two-dimensional analysis. The Minitab v.16 software was used as computational support.

RESULTS

Table 2 shows the means and standard deviations of the TOTT for each food consistency per individual with MND, also shown in Figure 1.

Table 2
Description of means and standard deviations of the TOTT (ms) per food consistency and per individual.

TOTT (ms)
Individual (n = 11)	Pureed (n = 10)	Thickened liquid (n = 9)	Liquid (n = 8)
1	9,158***	2,057	–
2	1,457	584**	433**
3	3,87	1,159	2,413
4	2,079	1,223	1,49
5	1,943	–	1,935
6	–	2,729*	2,677*
7	1,94	767	634
8	2,986	–	–
9	1,195**	734	–
10	1,284	1,262	2,224
11	4,337*	1,473	1,701
Mean	2,343	1,332	1,688
SD	1,137	687	809

• N: number of individuals; TOTT: total oral transit time; ms: milliseconds; SD: standard deviation;
• ^*
  Longer TOTT;
• ^**
  Shorter TOTT per food consistency;
• ^***
  p-value (ANOVA) = 0.012.

Figure 1
Distribution of mean TOTT per MND patient in each food consistency.

N: number of individuals; ms: milliseconds; (symbol) - MND patients.

Table 2 shows a greater variation in the TOTT for the pasty consistency (1,195 to 4,337 ms) than for the other food consistencies (p = 0.012). The discrepant point (9,158 ms) was removed from the analysis. Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of mean TOTT values per individual for each food consistency.

Table 3 shows the means, standard deviations and medians for the global, bulbar and bulbar/respiratory functional performance in MND, with individual distribution illustrated in Figure 2.

Table 3
Means, standard deviations, and medians of functional performance in MND patients.

Variable	Mean	SD	CV (%)	Minimum	Median	Maximum
ALSFRS-r global (0 -48)	34.4	9.1	26.4	15	33	46
ALSFRS-r bulbar (0 -12)	8.9	2.8	31.1	2	9	12
ALSFRS-r bulbar-respiratory (0 -24)	19.3	3.9	20.4	11	19	24

• ALSFRS-r: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale - revised; SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation.

Figure 2
Distribution of MND patients according to the score in each parameter of the functional performance evaluation.

ALSFRS-r: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale - revised; MND patients; individuals with lower functionality in bulbar and bulbar/respiratory parameters; individuals with lower global functionality and greater bulbar and bulbar/respiratory functionality.

Figures 3 to 5 show the correlation between TOTT and functional performance (global, bulbar and bulbar/respiratory) in MND per individual and per food consistency.

Figure 3
Correlation between the TOTT and functional performance (Global, Bulbar, Bulbar/Respiratory) per individual in the pureed consistency

ALSFRS-r Global: r value = −0.315; p value = 0.375; ALSFRS-r Bulbar: r value = −0.859; p value = 0.001; ALSFRS-r bulbar/respiratory: r value = −0.750; p value = 0.013. TOTT: total oral transit time; MND: motor neuron disease.

Figure 4
Correlation between the TOTT and functional performance (global, bulbar, bulbar/respiratory) per individual with the thickened liquid consistency.

ALSFRS-r global: r value = −0.691; p value = 0.039; ALSFRS-r bulbar: r value = −0.259; p value = 0.501; ALSFRS-r bulbar/respiratory: r value = −0.135; p value = 0.729.

Figure 5
Correlation between the TOTT and functional performance (global, bulbar, bulbar/respiratory) per individual with the liquid consistency.

ALSFRS-r global: r value = −0.379; p value = 0.354; ALSFRS-r Bulbar: r value = −0.623; p value = 0.099; ALSFRS-r bulbar/respiratory: r value = −0.829; p value = 0.011.

DISCUSSION

Oral transit time is one of the least studied and most controversial parameters of quantitative temporal analyses^25,26. This statement about the study of OTT is based on many considerations, among them the definition of the beginning and of the end of the oral phase of swallowing, considering the voluntary component exclusively present in this phase of deglutition. The definition of OTT used in most studies was initially described in 1983²⁴ and complemented in 1995, by the same author. Since then, the literature has still shown controversies about the definition and initial markers for the measurement of OTT, depending on the author, the study population and the consistency and volume of food^{27,28,29,30,31,32}. In the present study, as in other more recent research^23,32, the definition of the initial marker of OTT considers the fact that the tongue cannot be the only marker of this phase because the time the food remains in the oral cavity, regardless of tongue movements, can impact the total feeding time and efficiency of swallowing.

The first part of the discussion will address the description of TOTT in MND, as this is pioneering work with this population. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 1, the individuals studied showed a wide range of TOTT within the same food consistency. Other authors have described this variation in swallowing times between food consistencies in distinct populations^{27,28,33–39}, but there are several factors present in MND that specifically contribute to this result within this population. Although it was not possible to compare our results with other studies analyzing the same population, including the differences in the markers adopted to delimit the oral phase, studies with different dysphagic populations that measured OTT also showed a wide variation in this parameter, suggesting that, in addition to food consistency, the pathophysiology of each disease also interferes with swallowing times^28,37.

It is possible that the wide variation in the TOTT found in MND is mainly related to the effect of neuromotor impairment of the tongue, soft palate, lips, jaw and pharynx on bolus transport, starting with the oral phase of swallowing in the different stages of the disease^1,5,13.

We will discuss separately the functional profile of the studied population as shown in Table 3 and Figure 2 in order to facilitate the understanding of this profile of the sample in future discussions, regarding their relationships with the TOTT. The functionality levels of the MND patients studied here were mostly good, as the patients still walked or had only recently started to use a wheelchair, and were generally less debilitated, non-dependent on alternative exclusive feeding routes and did not require invasive ventilatory support. The difference in functional performance in the population of MND patients has been pointed out by authors who reported that patients with bulbar-onset MND rapidly develop dysarthria and dysphagia but still remain able to walk for a long period of time, while those with spinal onset may develop weakness in the upper and lower limbs and do not present with bulbar symptoms⁴⁰. Therefore, we should take into account that, depending on the form of the disease, bulbar or spinal-onset MND, individuals with initial bulbar involvement are expected to score with lower functionality in the bulbar and respiratory parameters on the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - revised questionnaire, and score better in the overall parameters. When we observed the distribution of the individuals of this sample among the different levels of functional performance, we noticed a greater variation in the score of global functionality, indicating that, in addition to the TOTT, the level of functional motor performance was variable in these individuals.

At this point of the discussion, we will explore the relationship between functional performance and TOTT for each food consistency, as shown in Figures 3 to 5. These results showed that for the thickened liquid consistency, the worse the overall functionality, the longer the TOTT. Although it is not possible to discuss this result in comparison with other studies that performed a temporal quantitative analysis of the oral phase of swallowing in the same population, this finding showed that the increase in the TOTT in MND was related to the worsening of functional performance, not only in individuals with bulbar complaints, as pointed out by some authors in studies examining the qualitative performance of the oral phase in this population^1,11,12. Moreover, this result calls attention to the fact that dysphagia should be evaluated and monitored in MND patients from the initial phase of the disease, regardless of the type, even in individuals who still have good levels of functionality. The increased TOTT in MND could contribute to increasing the total feeding time and end up compromising nutrition, as well as impacting other biomechanical actions of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

Regarding the bulbar functional performance and the relation between the TOTT and each food consistency (Figures 3 to 5), it was observed that, with the pasty consistency, the TOTT gradually increased with decreasing bulbar functionality score. This finding is explained by the fact that oropharyngeal dysphagia is more severe from the onset of the disease in MND patients with bulbar involvement due to lower motor neuron and brain stem complications⁴. The viscosity of the food has already been pointed out in the literature as a determining factor influencing the increase in OTT values²⁷,^28,31. It should also be considered that in neurodegenerative diseases in which oral propulsion is affected by muscle weakness, the more pasty the consistency of the food, the greater the need for oral ejection. In MND, oral ejection is markedly compromised in the bulbar form of the disease.

To conclude the discussion about functional performance levels and TOTT, the relationship between the bulbar-respiratory functional performance parameters and the TOTT of each consistency evaluated, as illustrated in Figures 3 to 5, needs to be discussed. The longer the TOTT for the pasty and liquid consistencies, the lower the bulbar-respiratory functionality. It should be borne in mind that individuals who score at lower levels of bulbar-respiratory functionality (speech, salivation, swallowing, dyspnea, orthopnea, and respiratory failure) are the same ones who score at lower levels of bulbar functionality (speech, salivation, and deglutition) only.

Thus, in spite of a wide variation in both the TOTT of the different food consistencies and functional performance in its different parameters, this study found a correlation between the TOTT of the pureed and thickened liquid consistency and functional performance in MND patients. This suggests that monitoring the presence of an increase in the TOTT and following the guidelines for intake of pasty food in MND are of fundamental relevance, as when the TOTT is increased, there must be a negative effect on total feeding time, which can compromise nutrition.

We take into account that one of the limitations of the study was the small number of participants, which compromised the results. However, the present study found that even with an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - revised score considered to be good, there was an increase in the TOTT regarding specific food parameters and consistencies, as pointed out by other authors reporting qualitative findings of swallowing in MND^1,5,11,15. Therefore, we suggest that all patients with a diagnosis of MND, regardless of their functional performance, should be evaluated for oropharyngeal dysphagia immediately after the diagnosis in order to monitor the TOTT and its impact on feeding, nutritional intake, and quality of life.

In conclusion, the TOTT in MND varies within the same food consistency, and the longer the TOTT, regardless of food consistency, the lower the functional performance in MND.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Sept 2019
• Date of issue
  Aug 2019

History

• Received
  01 Aug 2018
• Reviewed
  09 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  01 May 2019