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Periodic paralysis: clinical evaluation in 20 patients

Paralisia periódica: análise clínica de 20 pacientes

Abstracts

Twenty patients with periodic paralysis were evaluated and the aspects studied included epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, ancillary tests, treatment and evolution. Sixteen patients had the hypokalemic form (5 familiar, 5 sporadic, 5 thyrotoxic and 1 secondary). No patient with the normokalemic form was detected. Predominance of men was found (14 patients), especially in the cases with hyperthyroidism (5 patients). No thyrotoxic patient was of oriental origin. Only 4 patients had the hyperkalemic form (3 familiar, 1 sporadic). Attacks of paralysis began during the first decade in the hyperkalemic form and up to the third decade in the hypokalemic. In both forms the attacks occurred preferentially in the morning with rest after exercise being the most important precipitating factor. Seventy five percent of the hyperkalemic patients referred brief attacks (<12 hours). Longer attacks were referred by 43% of the hypokalemic patients. The majority of the attacks manifested with a generalized weakness mainly in legs, and its frequency was variable. Creatinokinase was evaluated in 10 patients and 8 of them had levels that varied from 1,1 to 5 times normal. Electromyography was done in 6 patients and myotonic phenomenon was the only abnormality detected in 2 patients. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially acetazolamide, were used for prophylactic treatment in 9 pacients with good results in all. Although periodic paralysis may be considered a benign disease we found respiratory distress in 5 patients, permanent myopathy in 1, electrocardiographic abnormalities during crises in 4; death during paralysis occurred in 2. Therefore correct diagnosis and immediate treatment are crucial. This study shows that hyperthyroidism is an important cause of periodic paralysis in our country, even in non oriental patients. Hence endocrine investigation is mandatory since this kind of periodic paralysis will only be abated after return to the euthyroid state.

periodic paralysis; hypokalemia; hiperkalemia; hyperthyroidism


Este estudo consiste da avaliação de 20 pacientes com diagnóstico de paralisia periódica (PP) sendo descritos aspectos epidemiológicos, manifestações clínicas, exames subsidiários, tratamento e evolução. Dezesseis pacientes tinham a forma hipocalêmica (5 familiares, 5 esporádicos, 5 tireotóxicas e 1 secundária). Não houve casos de PP normocalêmica. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (14 pacientes). Todos os 5 pacientes com forma tireotóxica eram do sexo masculino e nenhum deles tinha origem oriental. Somente 4 pacientes tinham a forma hipercalêmica (3 familiares, 1 esporádico). Nas duas formas os ataques ocorreram preferencialmente no período da manhã sendo o repouso após exercício o fator desencadeante mais importante. No entanto observamos que 75% dos pacientes com a forma hipercalêmica referiram crises de curta duração (<12 horas). Crises mais prolongadas foram referidas por 43% dos pacientes com a forma hipocalêmica. A maioria das crises caracterizava-se por fraqueza generalizada, predominando nos membros inferiores e sendo sua frequência variável. A creatinoquinase foi avaliada em 10 pacientes e 8 tinham níveis elevados que variaram de 1,1 a 5 vezes o valor normal. A eletroneuromiografia foi realizada em 6, mas o fenômeno miotônico foi a única alteração encontrada em 2 pacientes. Inibidores da anidrase carbônica, principalmente a acetazolamida, usados no tratamento profilático em 9 pacientes mostraram uma boa resposta em todos. Embora a PP seja algumas vezes considerada doença benigna, encontramos sintomas respiratórios em 5 pacientes, miopatia permanente em 1, alterações eletrocardiográficas durante crise em 4; óbito durante paralisia ocorreu em 2 pacientes. Assim, o correto diagnóstico e o tratamento imediato são cruciais. Este estudo mostra que o hipertireoidismo é importante causa de PP em nosso meio, mesmo em pacientes não orientais. Assim, a investigação endócrina é mandatória já que as crises de paralisia só desaparecem após a normalização dos níveis hormonais.

paralisia periódica; hipopotassemia; hiperpotassemia; hipertireoidismo


Paralisia periódica: análise clínica de 20 pacientes

Periodic paralysis: clinical evaluation in 20 patients

Célia Harumi Tengan; Acary S. Bulle de Oliveira; Alberto Alain Gabbai

Disciplina de Neurologia do Departamento de Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Neurologia Experimental da Escola Paulista de Medicina

RESUMO

Este estudo consiste da avaliação de 20 pacientes com diagnóstico de paralisia periódica (PP) sendo descritos aspectos epidemiológicos, manifestações clínicas, exames subsidiários, tratamento e evolução. Dezesseis pacientes tinham a forma hipocalêmica (5 familiares, 5 esporádicos, 5 tireotóxicas e 1 secundária). Não houve casos de PP normocalêmica. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (14 pacientes). Todos os 5 pacientes com forma tireotóxica eram do sexo masculino e nenhum deles tinha origem oriental. Somente 4 pacientes tinham a forma hipercalêmica (3 familiares, 1 esporádico). Nas duas formas os ataques ocorreram preferencialmente no período da manhã sendo o repouso após exercício o fator desencadeante mais importante. No entanto observamos que 75% dos pacientes com a forma hipercalêmica referiram crises de curta duração (<12 horas). Crises mais prolongadas foram referidas por 43% dos pacientes com a forma hipocalêmica. A maioria das crises caracterizava-se por fraqueza generalizada, predominando nos membros inferiores e sendo sua frequência variável. A creatinoquinase foi avaliada em 10 pacientes e 8 tinham níveis elevados que variaram de 1,1 a 5 vezes o valor normal. A eletroneuromiografia foi realizada em 6, mas o fenômeno miotônico foi a única alteração encontrada em 2 pacientes. Inibidores da anidrase carbônica, principalmente a acetazolamida, usados no tratamento profilático em 9 pacientes mostraram uma boa resposta em todos. Embora a PP seja algumas vezes considerada doença benigna, encontramos sintomas respiratórios em 5 pacientes, miopatia permanente em 1, alterações eletrocardiográficas durante crise em 4; óbito durante paralisia ocorreu em 2 pacientes. Assim, o correto diagnóstico e o tratamento imediato são cruciais. Este estudo mostra que o hipertireoidismo é importante causa de PP em nosso meio, mesmo em pacientes não orientais. Assim, a investigação endócrina é mandatória já que as crises de paralisia só desaparecem após a normalização dos níveis hormonais.

Palavras-chave: paralisia periódica, hipopotassemia, hiperpotassemia, hipertireoidismo.

SUMMARY

Twenty patients with periodic paralysis were evaluated and the aspects studied included epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, ancillary tests, treatment and evolution. Sixteen patients had the hypokalemic form (5 familiar, 5 sporadic, 5 thyrotoxic and 1 secondary). No patient with the normokalemic form was detected. Predominance of men was found (14 patients), especially in the cases with hyperthyroidism (5 patients). No thyrotoxic patient was of oriental origin. Only 4 patients had the hyperkalemic form (3 familiar, 1 sporadic). Attacks of paralysis began during the first decade in the hyperkalemic form and up to the third decade in the hypokalemic. In both forms the attacks occurred preferentially in the morning with rest after exercise being the most important precipitating factor. Seventy five percent of the hyperkalemic patients referred brief attacks (<12 hours). Longer attacks were referred by 43% of the hypokalemic patients. The majority of the attacks manifested with a generalized weakness mainly in legs, and its frequency was variable. Creatinokinase was evaluated in 10 patients and 8 of them had levels that varied from 1,1 to 5 times normal. Electromyography was done in 6 patients and myotonic phenomenon was the only abnormality detected in 2 patients. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially acetazolamide, were used for prophylactic treatment in 9 pacients with good results in all. Although periodic paralysis may be considered a benign disease we found respiratory distress in 5 patients, permanent myopathy in 1, electrocardiographic abnormalities during crises in 4; death during paralysis occurred in 2. Therefore correct diagnosis and immediate treatment are crucial. This study shows that hyperthyroidism is an important cause of periodic paralysis in our country, even in non oriental patients. Hence endocrine investigation is mandatory since this kind of periodic paralysis will only be abated after return to the euthyroid state.

Key words: periodic paralysis, hypokalemia, hiperkalemia, hyperthyroidism.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Aceite: 13-abril-1994.

Dra. Célia Harumi Tengan - Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Botucatu 740 -04023-900 São Paulo SP - Brasil.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    19 Jan 2011
  • Date of issue
    Dec 1994
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