| Lai et al., 2020(4) (China) |
Cross-sectional study |
1257 healthcare workers (39,2% physicians e 60,8% nurses) / hospital |
Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress |
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- Prevalent symptoms were: depression (50,4%), anxiety (44,6%), insomnia (34,0%), and distress (71,5%).
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- Frontline healthcare workers were associated with higher risk of symptoms of depression (OR=1,52; 95% CI,1,11-2,09; p=0.01), anxiety (OR=1,57; 95% CI,1,22-2,02; p<0.001), insomnia (OR=2,97; 95% CI,1,92-4,60; p<0.001), and distress (OR=1,60; 95% CI,1,25-2,04; p<0.001).
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- Participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those who were in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers who were directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment and care for patients with COVID-19.
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- Special interventions meant to promote mental well-being have to be implemented at once.
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| Li et al., 2020(5) (China) |
Cross-sectional study |
526 nurses e 214 general public/ hospital |
Vicarious traumatization |
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- Vicarious traumatization scores (including scores for physiological and psychological responses) for frontline nurses were significantly lower than those of non-frontline nurses (p<0,001).
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-Vicarious traumatization scores for the general public were found to be significantly higher than those of frontline nurses (p<0,001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared with those of non-frontline nurses (p>0,05).
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- Increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of healthcare workers, especially to non-frontline nurses and to general public affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- Early strategies meant to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in healthcare workers and general public are highly necessary.
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| Xiao et al., 2020(6) (China) |
Cross-sectional study |
180 medical staff/ hospital |
Anxiety, insomnia, stress, social support, and self-efficiency. |
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-The level of social support for medical staff was significantly associated with self-efficiency and sleep quality and negatively associated with levels of stress and anxiety.
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- Levels of anxiety were significantly associated with the levels of stress and had a negative impact on self-efficiency and sleep quality.
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- Anxiety, stress, and self-efficiency were mediating variables related to social support and sleep quality.
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| Tan et al., 2020(12) (Singapore) |
Cross-sectional study |
470 healthcare workers (296 medical healthcare staff and 174 nonmedical healthcare personnel) / hospital |
Depression, anxiety, and stress |
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- 14.5% of the participants showed anxiety, 8.9% showed signs of depression, 6.6% of stress and 7.7% symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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- The prevalence of anxiety was higher among nonmedical healthcare personnel (20.7% vs 10.8%; adjusted prevalence ratio= 1,85; 95% CI,1,15 a 2,99; p=0,01).
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- Higher mean anxiety scores for anxiety and impact of events were observed in nonmedical healthcare workers.
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- Nonmedical healthcare workers were at highest risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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- The implementation of early psychological interventions aimed at this vulnerable group may be beneficial.
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| Zhang et al., 2020(13) (China) |
Cross-sectional study |
2182 healthcare workers (927 medical healthcare professionals and 1255 nonmedical healthcare workers) / hospital |
Insomnia, anxiety, depression, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. |
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- Compared with nonmedical healthcare workers, medical healthcare professionals had a higher prevalence of insomnia (38.4 vs 30.5%, p<0.01), anxiety (13.0 vs 8.5%, p<0.01), depression (12.2 vs 9.5%; p<0.04), somatization (1.6 vs 0.4%; p<0.01), and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (5.3 vs 2.2%; p<0.01).
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- Living in rural areas, being female, and being at risk of contact with COVID-19 patients were the most common factors for insomnia, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and depression (p<0.01 or 0.05).
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