Levels of organochlorine contaminants in natural bovine milk marketed in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Brazil

Analyzing the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content in milk is relevantbecause it helps evaluate the quality of milk that reaches the consumer's table and also helps identify the geographical areas where there is a high possibility of contamination. Accordingly,thispilot project was aimed at determining the extent of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in fresh cow's milk in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The OCPs evaluated in this study weredichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β, γ, and δ), endosulfanα and β, andendosulfansulfate. None of the thirty bovine milk samples analyzedshowed any contamination with OCPs.TheOCP content was within the limit of quantification of the method. The results of this study add to the existing knowledge on the quality ofbovine milk produced in these locations. However, further researchon other environmental matricesis required to confirm the results obtained in this study.

Keywords:
contamination; DDT; SPE; GC-ECD; lipids

Authorship

Isabella Clarissa Vasconcelos Rêgo

Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Oeste do ParáBrazilSantarém, Pará, BrazilInstituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68040-255, Santarém, Pará, Brazil.

Julio César Amaral Cardoso

José Augusto Amorim Silva do Sacramento

Márcia Mourão Ramos Azevedo

Joseph Simões Ribeiro

Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Universidade Federal do Oeste do ParáBrazilSantarém, Pará, BrazilInstituto de Ciência e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil.

Ruy Bessa Lopes

Lucinewton Silva de Moura

Rosivaldo de Alcântara Mendes

Laboratório de Toxicologia, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. Instituto Evandro ChagasBrazilAnanindeua, Pará, BrazilLaboratório de Toxicologia, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.

Paulo Sérgio Taube ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: pstjunior@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-7615

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: pstjunior@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Beef milk collection sites in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

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Figure 2
Chromatogram of the bovine milk sample fortified with the 12 organochlorine pesticide standards evaluated.

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Table 1
Retention times (R) of the studied pesticides.

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Table 2
Lipids content in the evaluated samples (%, m m^-1).

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Table 3
Detection and quantification limits of the evaluated organochlorine pesticides (ng g^-1) in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

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Table 4
Recovery (%) of the pesticides studied in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

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Table 5
Works related to the evaluation of the content of organochlorine pesticides in bovine milk in different regions of the world.

Figure 1 Beef milk collection sites in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

Figure 2 Chromatogram of the bovine milk sample fortified with the 12 organochlorine pesticide standards evaluated.

Table 1 Retention times (R) of the studied pesticides.

Pesticide	Retention Time (RT) min.
α-HCH	7.738
β-HCH	8.546
γ-HCH (Lindane)	8.680
δ-HCH	9.585
op’-DDE	13.694
Endosulfan α	14.023
pp’-DDE	14.704
op’-DDD	14.893
Endosulfan β	15.853
pp’-DDD	15.962
Endosulfan sulfate	17.006
op’-DDT	17.040

Table 2 Lipids content in the evaluated samples (%, m m^-1).

Sample	Lipids content (%, m m^-1)	Sample	Lipids content (%, m m^-1)
CMB 01	2.32 ± 0.12	CMM 01	1.26 ± 0.12
CMB 02	2.79 ± 0.15	CMM 02	1.51 ± 0.05
CMB 03	1.86 ± 0.22	CMM 03	1.57 ± 0.04
CMB 04	1.52 ± 0.12	CMM 04	1.52 ± 0.11
CMB 05	4.91 ± 0.09	CMM 05	3.53 ± 0.14
CMB 06	1.31 ± 0.17	CMM 06	1.64 ± 0.12
CMB 07	3.02 ± 0.15	CMM 07	2.57 ± 0.14
CMB 08	2.55 ± 0.13	CMM 08	0.99 ± 0.25
CMB 09	3.95 ± 0.10	CMM 09	0.76 ± 0.15
CMB 10	0.61 ± 0.27	CMM 10	1.14 ± 0.17
CMB 11	1.86 ± 0.09	CMM 11	0.20 ± 0.15
CMB 12	1.64 ± 0.19	CMM 12	1.67 ± 0.12
CMB 13	0.46 ± 0.24	CMM 13	8.20 ± 0.56
CMB 14	2.23 ± 0.16	CMM 14	4.47 ± 0.13
CMB 15	2.36 ± 0.09	CMM 15	3.07 ± 0.10
Average	2.23	Average	2.27
Standard deviation	1.16	Standard deviation	1.99

CMB: cow milk from Belterra. CMM: cow milk from Mojuí dos Campos.

Table 3 Detection and quantification limits of the evaluated organochlorine pesticides (ng g^-1) in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

ID sample	pp’-DDT	op’-DDT	pp'-DDD	op'-DDD	pp'-DDE	op'-DDE	α-HCH	β-HCH	δ-HCH	γ-HCH	Endosulfan α	Endosulfan α	Endosulfan sulfate
LOD	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.010	0.010	0.010	0.010	0.020	0.020	0.020
LOQ	0.010	0.010	0.010	0.010	0.005	0.005	0.040	0.040	0.040	0.040	0.050	0.050	0.050

LOD: limit of detection. LOQ: limit of quantification.

Table 4 Recovery (%) of the pesticides studied in the municipalities of Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, Brazil.

Pesticide	Recovery (%)
α-HCH	65 ± 3.5
β-HCH	58 ± 3.2
γ-HCH (Lindane)	71 ± 3.6
δ-HCH	48 ± 3.0
op’-DDE	73 ± 3.5
Endosulfan α	84 ± 3.4
pp’-DDE	86 ± 3.6
op’-DDD	63 ± 3.3
Endosulfan β	89 ± 3.8
pp’-DDD	91 ± 4.1
Endosulfan sulfate	70 ± 3.7
pp’-DDT	80 ± 3.5

Table 5 Works related to the evaluation of the content of organochlorine pesticides in bovine milk in different regions of the world.

Authors	Site	Year	Sample	Organochlorinepesticidesdetected
Lemes et al.	São Paulo, Brazil	2004	Conventional bovine milk	None
Avancini et al.	Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil	2013	Conventional bovine milk	Aldrin, DDT, mirex, endosulfan, chlordane, dicofol, heptachlor and dieldrin
Heck, Santos, Bogusz Junior, Costabeber, and Emanuelli	Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	2007	Fresh and pasteurized bovine milk (UHT)	α-HCH, lindane, aldrin, HCB, p,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDD e o,p’-DDT and PCB (congeners 10, 28, 52, 138 e 180).
Luzardoet al.	Ilhas Canárias, Espanha	2012	Conventional and organic bovine milk	p,p’-DDE, aldrin, cis and trans-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, Heptachlor, HCB andendossulfan α e β.
Zhong et al.	China	2003	Commercial bovine milk	HCH, DDT, and aldrin
John, Bakore, and Bhatnagar	Ragastão (Índia)	2001	Commercial bovine milk	DDT, DDE e pp’-DDD, HCH (α, β e γ), heptachlor epoxide and aldrin
Hernandez et al.	São Pedro (Colômbia)	2010	Fresh bovine milk	DDT, endrin, endosulfan, γ-chlordane, heptachlor epoxide.
Gutiérrez et al.	Chiapas (México)	2012	Organic bovine milk	HCH (α, β e γ), heptachlor epoxide, DDT and aldrin.
Darko, Akoto, and Oppong	Kumasi (Gana)	2008	Fresh bovine milk	Aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, and DDT
Kampire, Kiremire, Nianzi, and Kishimba	Kampala	2011	Fresh and pasteurized bovine milk (UHT)	Aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, Lindane, and DDT

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Levels of organochlorine contaminants in natural bovine milk marketed in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Brazil

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: pstjunior@yahoo.com.br