Forage yield of Coastcross-1 pastures inoculated with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>

The high cost of nitrogen fertilizers increases the expenses in pasture-based animal production. The inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria is an alternative to reduce the costs. This study evaluated the forage yield of Coastcross-1 pastures inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, fertilized with different levels of nitrogen and subjected to cuts. The experiment was a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The factors were the inoculation (without inoculation, inoculated only at planting and reinoculated in the second year), levels of nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg ha^-1 year^-1 N) and seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter) when cuts were made. Forage yield, forage accumulation rate, botanical and structural pasture composition were evaluated. Forage yield without nitrogen fertilizer in pastures was in the first year 9.1, 11.7 and 11.7 t ha^-1 DM, and in the second year 8.6, 11.2 and 11.5 t ha^-1 DM, for the factor inoculation, respectively. The forage yield rises with inoculation at pasture planting, without nitrogen fertilization. Reinoculation is not necessary.

Keywords:
botanical composition; Cynodon dactylon; diazotrophic bacteria

Authorship

Priscila Flôres Aguirre ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilafloresaguirre2014@gmail.com

Setor de Bovinocultura de Leite, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilSetor de Bovinocultura de Leite, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Clair Jorge Olivo

Patricia Fernandes Rodrigues

Débora Ribeiro Falk

Carine Beatriz Adams

Helena Parcianello Schiafino

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilafloresaguirre2014@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (3)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Climatological normals and values recorded in the experimental period for average temperature and monthly cumulative rainfall. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

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Figure 2
Regression equations for daily forage accumulation rate of the interaction between seasons of the year and inoculation (1 = spring, 2 = summer, 3 = fall and 4 = winter). Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

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Table 1
Forage yield in Coastcross-1 pastures (t ha-1 DM) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

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Table 2
Leaf blade: stem + sheath ratio of Coastcross-1* inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

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Table 3
Participation of Coastcross-1, other plants and dead material in pastures inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

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Figure 1 Climatological normals and values recorded in the experimental period for average temperature and monthly cumulative rainfall. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

Figure 2 Regression equations for daily forage accumulation rate of the interaction between seasons of the year and inoculation (1 = spring, 2 = summer, 3 = fall and 4 = winter). Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

Table 1 Forage yield in Coastcross-1 pastures (t ha-1 DM) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

N level (kg)	Seasons (1^st crop year)				Total	Seasons (2^nd crop year)			Total	CV (%)
No inoculation
0	1.8^Bcd	4.4^Ca	2.0^Bbc	0.9^Ce	9.1^D	2.8^Cb	4.6^Da	1.2^Cde	8.6^D	9.5
100	2.4^ABc	6.0^ABa	1.9^Bc	1.2^BCd	11.4^C	3.6^Bb	5.6^BCDa	2.0^ABc	11.3^C	7.4
200	2.7^ABc	7.1^Aa	2.2^ABcd	1.7^ABd	13.8^AB	4.3^ABb	6.9^ABa	2.3^Acd	13.4^AB	6.2
Inoculated in the first year
0	2.4^ABb	5.7^BCa	2.3^ABbc	1.3^ABCc	11.7^C	4.7^Aa	5.0^CDa	1.5^BCbc	11.2^C	7.3
100	2.7^ABcd	7.0^ABa	2.2^ABd	1.2^BCe	13.1^BC	4.0^ABbc	5.8^BCa	2.2^ABd	12.0^BC	6.7
200	3.0^Ac	7.2^Aa	2.4^ABc	1.6^ABCd	14.3^AB	4.5^Ab	7.2^Aa	2.5^Ac	14.2^A	5.9
Inoculated in the first and second years

0	2.5^ABc	5.5^BCa	2.3^ABc	1.4^ABCd	11.7^C	4.1^ABb	5.2^CDab	2.2^ABc	11.5^C	7.3
100	2.6^ABc	6.7^ABa	2.1^ABc	1.2^BCd	12.6^BC	4.0^ABb	5.7^BCDab	2.2^ABc	11.9^BC	6.9
200	3.1^Ac	7.1^Aa	2.8^Acd	2.0^Ad	15.0^A	4.5^Ab	8.1^Aa	2.2^ABcd	14.9^A	5.6
CV(%)	7.9	3.2	8.9	14.4	8.9	5.0	3.3	9.8	8.6

Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same column and lower case in the same row, are significantly different by Student’s t-test (p ≤ 0.05). CV = coefficient of variation; Spr = spring; Sum = summer; Fal = fall; Win = winter.

Table 2 Leaf blade: stem + sheath ratio of Coastcross-1* inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

N level (kg)	Seasons (1^st crop year)				Seasons (2^nd crop year)			Mean	CV(%)
N level (kg)	Spr	Sum	Fal	Win	Spr	Sum	Fal	Mean	CV(%)
No inoculation
0	1.67^Aa	1.35^ABab	1.35^Aab	1.40^Aab	1.18^b	1.30^Aab	1.11^ABb	1.34	5.6
100	1.57^ABa	1.17^CDEb	1.17^BCb	1.03^Bb	1.12^b	1.11^BCb	0.90^Cb	1.15	6.5
200	1.10^ABab	1.02^DEab	1.07^Cab	0.96^Bb	1.25^a	1.18^ABCab	0.83^Cb	1.06	7.0
Inoculated in the first year
0	1.35^ABa	1.45^Aa	1.28^ABab	1.02^Bb	1.18^ab	1.30^Aab	1.18^Aab	1.25	5.9
100	1.03^Bab	1.21^BCDab	1.24^ABab	1.06^Bab	1.27^a	1.28^Aa	0.94^BCb	1.15	6.5
200	1.20^ABa	1.05^DEab	1.05^Cab	0.86^Bb	1.18^a	1.18^ABCa	0.82^Cb	1.05	7.1
Inoculated in the first and second years
0	1.36^ABab	1.39^ABa	1.19^ABCb	1.10^Bb	1.27^ab	1.24^ABab	1.27^Aab	1.26	5.9
100	1.40^ABa	1.10^DEb	1.21^ABCab	1.03^Bbc	1.29^ab	1.26^Aab	0.72^Cc	1.14	6.5
200	1.11^ABab	0.98^Ebc	1.15^BCab	0.89^Bc	1.20^a	1.08^Cab	0.80^Cc	1.03	7.2
CV(%)	10.5	3.5	2.9	5.0	4.8	2.1	4.4

Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same column and lower case in the same row, are significantly different by Student’s t-test (p ≤ 0.05). *Collection of samples 7 cm from the ground. CV = coefficient of variation; Spr = spring; Sum = summer; Fal = fall; Win = winter.

Table 3 Participation of Coastcross-1, other plants and dead material in pastures inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and subjected to nitrogen fertilization. Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, 2014-2016.

N level (kg)	Seasons (1st crop year)				Seasons (2nd crop year)			Mean	CV (%)
N level (kg)	Spr	Sum	Fal	Win	Spr	Sum	Fal	Mean	CV (%)
Coastcross-1 (%)*
No inoculation
0	28.9^Bc	37.8^Bbc	50.8^Bab	56.7^Ba	58.1^a	55.3^Ba	47.6^Bab	47.9	6.7
100	31.7^Bc	51.3^Ab	59.1^ABab	73.5^Aa	54.2^b	54.6^Bb	45.2^Bbc	52.8	5.1
200	33.8^Bc	51.0^Ab	69.0^Aab	74.9^Aa	66.8^ab	66.7^ABab	53.7^ABb	59.4	4.8
Inoculated in the first year
0	49.6^Ab	53.7^Aab	64.3^Aa	67.8^ABa	58.7^ab	55.8^Bab	59.7^ABab	58.5	5.8
100	38.4^Bc	50.5^Abc	68.7^Aab	76.2^Aa	59.1^abc	60.9^ABab	50.5^Bbc	57.8	6.7
200	54.6^A	56.0^A	67.6^A	70.2^AB	66.3	59.0^AB	58.1^AB	61.7	5.3
Inoculated in the first and second years
0	40.2^ABb	58.6^Aa	68.0^Aa	68.0^ABa	66.4^a	71.0^Aa	66.4^Aa	62.7	3.2
100	35.1^Bb	49.5^ABab	67.8^Aa	67.2^ABa	59.5^a	64.0^ABa	51.9^ABa	56.4	4.9
200	42.2^ABb	55.9^Aab	65.9^Aa	63.6^ABa	61.3^a	65.9^ABa	56.0^ABab	58.6	7.9
CV(%)	13.1	6.1	6.1	3.5	6.3	4.6	7.2
Other plants (%)*
No inoculation
0	47.1^Aab	55.6^Aa	25.1^Ac	34.3^Abc	33.6^bc	37.7^Abc	39.8^Abc	39.0	11.8
100	44.6^Aa	44.0^ABa	22.9^ABb	19.9^Bb	37.4^ab	37.7^Aab	41.4^Aa	35.4	12.4
200	42.5^ABab	42.8^ABa	12.5^BCc	21.4^Bbc	26.6^abc	24.8^ABabc	33.0^ABab	29.1	13.6
Inoculated in the first year
0	33.3^ABa	40.1^ABa	14.8^BCb	27.1^ABab	32.4^ab	37.5^Aa	26.4^Bab	30.2	12.8
100	42.2^ABa	43.5^ABa	10.2^Cc	18.8^Bbc	32.4^ab	30.5^ABab	36.8^ABab	30.6	13.2
200	30.4^Ba	36.2^Ba	11.0^Cb	21.9^Bab	26.2^a	34.0^ABa	28.1^ABa	26.8	13.6
Inoculated in the first and second years
0	38.4^ABa	32.9^Ba	8.4^Cb	27.6^ABa	24.3^ab	20.4^Bab	22.6^Bab	24.9	14.3
100	40.6^ABa	43.2^ABa	10.7^Cb	26.4^ABab	31.5^a	29.6^ABa	31.3^ABa	30.5	12.9
200	36.7^ABa	36.8^Ba	15.4^BCb	27.9^ABa	26.5^ab	27.2^ABab	30.9^ABa	28.8	13.1
CV(%)	5.7	5.6	8.4	6.6	6.3	6.2	6.2
Dead material (%)*
No inoculation
0	24.0^Aa	6.6^ABb	24.1^a	9.0^Ab	8.3^ABb	7.0^b	12.6^Bb	13.1	11.8
100	23.8^Aa	4.8^Bc	18.0^a	6.6^ABc	8.4^ABbc	7.7^bc	13.4^ABab	11.8	13.1
200	23.7^Aa	6.3^ABd	18.5^ab	3.7^Bd	6.6^Bd	8.5^dc	13.4^ABbc	11.5	13.4
Inoculated in the first year
0	17.1^ABab	6.2^ABd	20.9^a	5.1^ABd	9.0^ABcd	6.7^d	13.9^ABbc	11.2	13.7
100	19.5^ABa	6.0^ABc	21.1^a	4.9^ABc	8.5^ABbc	8.6^bc	12.8^Bab	11.6	13.3
200	15.0^Bb	7.8^Ad	21.4^a	8.0^Acd	7.5^Bd	6.9^d	13.8^ABbc	11.5	13.4
Inoculated in the first and second years
0	21.4^ABa	8.5^Ab	23.6^a	4.4^Bb	9.3^ABb	8.6^b	11.0^Bb	12.4	12.5
100	24.4^Aa	7.3^ABc	21.5^ab	6.4^ABc	9.0^ABc	6.4^c	16.8^Ab	13.1	11.8
200	21.1^ABa	7.3^ABc	18.7^ab	8.5^Ac	12.2^Abc	6.9^c	13.1^ABbc	12.5	12.3
CV(%)	8.9	10.2	11.3	15.4	10.6	8.6	7.0

Means followed by different letters, upper case in the same column and lower case in the same row, are significantly different by Student’s t-test (p ≤ 0.05). *Collection of samples 7 cm from the ground. CV = coefficient of variation; Spr = spring; Sum = summer; Fal = fall; Win = winter.

Y ijkl = m + T i + D j + E k + T i D j + T i E k + D j E k + T i D j E k + B l + B l (T i D j) + ijkl

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Forage yield of Coastcross-1 pastures inoculated with <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: priscilafloresaguirre2014@gmail.com