Untreated or ammoniated cotton gin trash in the ensiling of elephant grass reduces silage quality

This study examined the inclusion of untreated or urea-ammoniated CGT on the chemical composition, pH, gas, and effluent losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), and aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by three levels of inclusion of CGT during ensiling (0, 5, or 10%) and three levels of ammoniation of CGT with urea before ensiling (0, 4 or 8% for 28 days), using four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, considering a 5% significance level. The pH and DM, NDIN, ADIN, NDF and ADF contents of the silages increased (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of CGT, regardless of ammoniation. The lowest (p < 0.05) effluent loss was achieved using 10% of CGT ammoniated with 8% urea. In contrast, the elephantgrass silage exhibited the lowest (p < 0.05) gas loss and the greatest (p < 0.05) DMR. The inclusion of CGT compromised the aerobic stability of the silage. Therefore, the inclusion of CGT - either untreated or ammoniated - in the ensiling of elephantgrass is not recommended.

Keywords:
aerobic stability; ammoniation; pH; post-opening; urea

Authorship

Danilo Gusmão de Quadros ^** Author for correspondence. E-mail: dquadros@uneb.br

Texas A&M AgriLife Research. 7887 U.S. Highway 87 N, San Angelo, Texas 76901, United States of America. Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchUSASan Angelo, Texas, USATexas A&M AgriLife Research. 7887 U.S. Highway 87 N, San Angelo, Texas 76901, United States of America.

Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Produção Animal, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX, BR 242, km 4, s/n., 47800-000, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. Universidade do Estado da BahiaBrazilBarreiras, Bahia, BrazilNucleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Produção Animal, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX, BR 242, km 4, s/n., 47800-000, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-9071

Alexandro Pereira Andrade

Guilherme Soares de Souza

Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. Universidade do Estado da BahiaBrazilBarreiras, Bahia, BrazilPrograma Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.

Fagner Estevam da Silva

Edwilka Oliveira Cavalcante

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil. Universidade Federal da ParaíbaBrazilAreia, Paraíba, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: dquadros@uneb.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil. Universidade Federal da ParaíbaBrazilAreia, Paraíba, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil.

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1
Chemical composition of elephantgrass and cotton gin trash (CGT) untreated and ammoniated with 4 and 8% of urea.

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Table 2
Chemical composition of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

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Table 3
Losses, pH, density, and dry matter recovery (DMR) of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

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Table 4
Aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

Table 1 Chemical composition of elephantgrass and cotton gin trash (CGT) untreated and ammoniated with 4 and 8% of urea.

Composition¹	Elephantgrass	CGT	CGT 4% urea	CGT 8% urea
DM (% AF)	16.2	88.2	72.1	71.6
CP (%DM)	7.63	8.76	16.8	22.8
NDIN (%DM)	0.28	0.73	1.20	1.27
ADIN (%DM)	0.17	0.68	1.10	1.23
Fat (%DM)	1.38	3.01	2.84	2.96
NDF (%DM)	70.7	70.3	68.9	65.7
ADF (%DM)	46.9	64.9	59.2	56.7
Ash (%DM)	7.51	12.8	13.6	13.9

¹DM= dry matter; AF = as-fed; CP=crude protein; NDIN= neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen; ADIN= acid detergent insoluble detergent; NDF=neutral detergent fiber; ADF= acid detergent fiber.

Table 2 Chemical composition of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

Treatments¹	DM² (% AF)	CP² (% DM)	NDIN² (%N)	ADIN² (%N)	NDF² (% DM)	ADF² (% DM)	CEL² (% DM)	HEM² (% DM)	LIG² (% DM)	Ash (% DM)
EG	13.3^c3	6.89^a	19.0^b	6.47^d	65.4^cd	39.7^b	35.5^b	25.6ª	2.47^d	9.82^bc
CGT5	15.7^b	7.13^a	22.5^b	16.8^cd	61.5^de	41.0^b	34.2^bc	20.4^b	5.15^c	10.1^bc
CGT10	19.8ª	7.26^a	28.5^b	25.5^bc	59.3^e	40.8^b	31.9^c	18.6^b	7.25^bc	9.02^c
CGT5U4	16.7^b	6.61^a	54.3^a	35.5^ab	72.2^ab	52.5^a	39.5^a	19.7^b	9.74^ab	10.3^bc
CGT10U4	16.6^b	7.81^a	49.2^a	38.0^a	72.8^a	53.1^a	38.4^a	19.7^b	11.3^a	11.8^a
CGT5U8	19.5ª	7.43^a	56.8^a	44.4^a	68.8^bc	51.4^a	38.4^a	17.4^b	11.5^a	10.8^ab
CGT10U8	21.2ª	7.34^a	52.6^a	41.7^a	70.7^ab	50.7^a	38.0^a	20.0^b	11.5^a	9.66^bc
C.V.⁴ (%)	3.59	8.05	14.0	13.1	2.09	2.68	2.35	5.82	11.2	5.11

¹Elephantgrass (EG), EG with the inclusion of 5% (CGT5) and 10% (CGT10) of CGT untreated or ammoniated with 4% (CGT5U4, CGT10U4) and 8% (CGT10U8, CGT10U8) of urea. ²DM= dry matter; CP=crude protein; NDIN= neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen; ADIN= acid detergent insoluble detergent; NDF=neutral detergent fiber; ADF= acid detergent fiber; CEL=cellulose; HEM=hemicellulose; LIG=lignin. ³Means followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). ⁴CV= coefficient of variation.

Table 3 Losses, pH, density, and dry matter recovery (DMR) of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

Treatments¹	pH	As-fed density (Kg m^-³)	DM density (Kg m^-³)	Effluent losses (Kg Mg^-1)	Gaseous losses (% DM)	DMR (%)
EG	3.70^e2	626^a	90.0^c	58.4^a	1.29^e	87.0^a
CGT5	3.77^de	571^abc	95.9^bc	54.7^a	2.96^abc	70.4^cde
CGT10	4.02^d	528^cd	111.9^ab	55.8^a	3.31^a	66.8^e
CGT5U4	5.10^c	599^ab	106.1^ab	54.2^a	3.06^ab	69.4^de
CGT10U4	5.48^b	593^ab	115.5^a	53.8^a	2.16^d	78.4^b
CGT5U8	5.24^bc	557^bcd	103.8^abc	54.7^a	2.30^bcd	76.9^bcd
CGT10U8	7.36^a	504^d	114.8^a	9.97^b	2.26^cd	77.3^bc
C.V.³ (%)	1.97	3.81	6.12	8.28	11.21	3.70

¹Elephantgrass (EG), EG with the inclusion of 5% (CGT5) and 10% (CGT10) of CGT untreated or ammoniated with 4% (CGT5U4, CGT10U4) and 8% (CGT10U8, CGT10U8) of urea. ²Means followed by the same letter do not differ by Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). ³CV= coefficient of variation.

Table 4 Aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage with untreated or urea-ammoniated cotton gin trash (CGT).

Treatments¹	Aerobic exposure (h)								Regression equation	R²
Treatments¹	0	6	12	24	48	72	96	120
Temperature (°C)
EG	26.5	27.1	27.5	28.2	28.7	28.8	29.1	28.8	Y= 26.496 + 0.103x - 0.001x²	0.84
CGT5	26.4	26.7	27.4	28.9	31.3	31.8	31.9	31.5	Y= 26.432 + 0.017x + 0.006x²	0.94
CGT10	26.7	26.8	27.5	28.2	30.8	33.5	36.3	34.8	Y= 26.670 - 0.010x + 0.005x²	0.95
CGT5U4	26.8	27.0	27.4	27.7	28.2	28.5	28.7	28.9	Y= 26.768 + 0.059*x	0.92
CGT10U4	26.7	27.1	27.1	27.8	27.9	28.0	28.8	31.5	Y= 26.752 + 0.073*x	0.81
CGT5U8	26.6	27.1	27.3	27.6	27.8	28.4	29.4	33.4	Y= 26.564 + 0.119*x	0.80
CGT10U8	27.0	27.2	27.4	27.7	28.2	31.4	36.7	35.2	Y= 26.910 + 0.048x - 0.0003x²	0.90
pH
EG	3.79	3.98	4.09	4.14	4.13	4.04	3.79	3.98	Y= 3.796 + 0.009x - 0.00006x²	0.99
CGT5	3.74	4.04	5.37	7.31	8.02	8.27	3.74	4.04	Y= 3.739 - 0.040*x	0.94
CGT10	4.02	4.08	4.34	6.73	7.83	9.03	4.02	4.08	Y= 4.02 + 0.046*x	0.91
CGT5U4	5.09	5.18	5.21	5.25	5.35	5.56	5.09	5.18	Y= 5.096 + 0.004*x	0.89
CGT10U4	5.44	5.57	5.45	5.64	5.88	7.11	5.44	5.57	Y= 5.440 - 0.015x + 0.0005x²	0.91
CGT5U8	5.29	5.36	5.43	5.50	5.57	5.63	5.29	5.36	Y= 5.289 + 0.003*x	0.89
CGT10U8	7.36	6.99	6.91	7.14	7.68	8.59	7.36	6.99	Y = 7.36 - 0.019x + 0.00014x²	0.99

¹Elephantgrass (EG), EG with the inclusion of 5% (CGT5) and 10% (CGT10) of CGT untreated or ammoniated with 4% (CGT5U4, CGT10U4) and 8% (CGT10U8, CGT10U8) of urea.

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Untreated or ammoniated cotton gin trash in the ensiling of elephant grass reduces silage quality

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[1] * Author for correspondence. E-mail: dquadros@uneb.br