Feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with detoxified castor bean meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep with an average body weight of 25.34 kg and four months of age, were distributed in four treatments - 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the natural matter of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in time spent eating and feeding and rumination efficiency (g MS and NDF/h) with the inclusion of castor bean meal in silage. However, there was a linear decreasing response for time spent resting (p < 0.05). Time spent ruminating, number of boluses per day and numbers of chews per day per bolus were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of castor bean meal. The addition of detoxified castor bean meal to sugarcane silage reduces time spent eating and increases feed and rumination efficiency in sheep.

Keywords:
rumination; intake; ethology; feeding efficiency; rumination efficiency; chewing

Authorship

Aline Cardoso Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Avenida Manoel Severino Barbosa, 57309-005, Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil. Universidade Federal de AlagoasBrazilArapiraca, Alagoas, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Alagoas, Avenida Manoel Severino Barbosa, 57309-005, Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil.

Rasmo Garcia

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida

Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Robério Rodrigues Silva

Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil.Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da BahiaBrazilItapetinga, Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil.

Dorgival Morais de Lima Júnior ^**Author for correspondence. E-mail: juniorzootec@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1154-8579

*Author for correspondence. E-mail: juniorzootec@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, Minas Gerais, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Tables | Formulas

Tables (6)
Formulas (21)

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Table 1
Percent composition of the experimental diets (dry matter basis %DM).

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Table 2
Chemical composition of castor bean meal (CBM), silages and experimental diets (dry matter basis %DM).

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Table 3
Dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (CNDF), time spent eating, ruminating and resting of sheep fed sugarcane silage with detoxified castor bean meal.

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Table 4
Number of ruminated boluses day^-1, time spent bolus^-1, number of chews bolus and number of chews day^-1 of sheep fed sugarcane silage and detoxified castor bean meal.

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Table 5
Mean values of number of feeding periods (NFP), rumination (NRP) and resting (NRRP), time spent eating (TSE), ruminating (TSR) and resting (TSRR) of sheep fed with sugarcane silage and detoxified castor bean meal.

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Table 6
Intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (grams meal^-1), feed and rumination efficiency (g MS and NDF hour^-1) and rumination (g of DM and NDF bolus^-1) of sheep fed sugarcane silage with castor bean meal.

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Table 1 Percent composition of the experimental diets (dry matter basis %DM).

Ingredients (% DM)	Level of castor bean meal (% NM)
Ingredients (% DM)	0	7	14	21
Sugarcane silage	60.0	55.8	51.6	47.4
Castor bean meal	0.0	4.2	8.4	12.6
Soybean meal	30.4	20.72	13.4	10.32
Ground corn	8.4	18.08	25.4	28.48
Mineral mix	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
Total	100	100	100	100

NM: natural matter.

Table 2 Chemical composition of castor bean meal (CBM), silages and experimental diets (dry matter basis %DM).

Composition (%)	CBM	Level of castor bean meal (%NM³)
Composition (%)	CBM	0	7	14	21
Feed constituents (%)
Dry matter	91,8	20,9	28,7	32,9	37,0
Crude protein	38,8	2,2	10,4	15,2	18,5
Neutral insoluble detergent protein (%CP)	10,2	0,6	2,8	4,0	5,0
Acid insoluble detergente protein (%CP)	4,0	0,8	2,3	2,6	3,1
Ethereal extract ¹	1,8	2,8	2,8	2,7	2,4
Ash¹	14,1	4,4	6,7	8,4	9,3
Total Carbohydrate¹	43,9	90,6	80,1	73,7	69,8
Neutral detergente fiber¹	39,5	62,5	52,9	49,6	51,0
NDFap¹	30,1	59,7	47,7	40,1	40,7
Acid detergente fiber	29,3	46,7	40,2	38,7	39,8
Lignin ¹	7,0	5,9	6,43	7,06	7,79
Non-fibrous carbohydrates¹	20,2	28,6	32,1	30,9	28,9
Total digestible nutrients²	60,7	63,7	62,4	60,6	58,7
Diet Constituents (%)
Dry matter	-	92,4	91,9	91,9	91,7
Crude protein	-	17,9	18,8	18,8	18,9
Neutral insoluble detergent protein (%CP)	-	1,7	2,9	3,8	4,2
Acid insoluble detergente protein (%CP)	-	1,5	2,4	2,5	2,9
Ethereal extract ¹	-	2,5	2,6	2,6	2,4
Ash¹	-	5,7	6,6	7,4	8,0
Total Carbohydrate¹	-	81,6	78,9	77,9	77,5
Neutral detergente fiber¹	-	43,1	37,6	35,6	36,2
NDFap¹	-	41,4	34,5	29,9	30,1
Acid detergente fiber	-	30,3	29,2	24,3	25,8
Lignin ¹	-	3,7	6,8	7,1	8,6
Non-fibrous carbohydrates¹	-	39,1	44,3	46,3	47,2
Total digestible nutrients²	-	1,7	2,9	3,8	4,2
Dry matter	-	69,7	69,4	68,6	67,4

¹% DM; ²estimated according to National Research Council (NRC, 2001); ³NM: natural matter.

Table 3 Dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (CNDF), time spent eating, ruminating and resting of sheep fed sugarcane silage with detoxified castor bean meal.

Item	Level of castor bean meal (% NM)				Regression equation	CV (%)	R²
Item	0	7	14	21	Regression equation	CV (%)	R²
	Intake
DMI¹	0.629	1.077	1.320	1.338	$Y = 0.6279 + 0.07998 X + 0.00219 X^{2}$	5,9	0,99
CNDF¹	0.312	0.377	0.478	0.471	$Y = 0.3222 + 0.00846 X$	6,4	0,88
	Minutes day^-1
Eating	325.0	281.0	255.9	227.8	$Y = 319.596 - 4.51222 X$	16,1	0,98
Ruminating	532.2	540.5	533.6	525.7	$Y = 533.02$	10,0	-
Resting	582.8	618.0	650.5	686.5	$Y = 582.915 + 4.90116 X$	9,3	0,99
	Minutes kg^-1 DM
Eating	531.2	268.1	201.8	179.4	$Y = 459.191 - 16.0077 X$	16,2	0,83
Ruminating	873.1	511.1	427.3	417.5	$Y = 768.772 - 20.7106 X$	17,5	0,93
	Minutes kg^-1 NDF
Eating	1074.9	765.1	551.7	521.1	$Y = 1005.44 - 269.436 X$	17,1	0,90
Ruminating	1764.9	1458.5	1169.7	1213.0	$Y = 1688.95 - 28.1219 X$	15,7	0,86

1 kg day^-1, DM: dry matter; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; NM: natural matter.

Table 4 Number of ruminated boluses day^-1, time spent bolus^-1, number of chews bolus and number of chews day^-1 of sheep fed sugarcane silage and detoxified castor bean meal.

Activity	Level of castor bean meal (%NM)				Regression equation	CV (%)	r²
Activity	0	7	14	21	Regression equation	CV (%)	r²
Boluses day^-1	758.4	1089.8	926.3	854.0	$Y = 907.18$	28.0	-
Time bolus^-1 (sec)	42.81	32.6	35.6	37.5	$Y = 42.0044 - 1.44582 X + 0.06063 X^{2}$	17.4	0.80
Chews bolus^-1	63.5	53.8	57.3	61.0	$Y = 58.91$	19.8	-
Chews day^-1	47719	53995	51503	50727	$Y = 50898.12$	12.4	-

NM: natural matter.

Table 5 Mean values of number of feeding periods (NFP), rumination (NRP) and resting (NRRP), time spent eating (TSE), ruminating (TSR) and resting (TSRR) of sheep fed with sugarcane silage and detoxified castor bean meal.

Item	Level of castor bean meal (% NM)				Regression equation	CV (%)	r²
Item	0	7	14	21	Regression equation	CV (%)	r²
NFP	20.22	20.30	17.64	17.86	Y = 19.00	18.0	-
NRP	21.00	21.20	22.73	21.71	Y = 21.66	21.2	-
NRRP	34.56	35.70	36.36	36.43	Y = 35.76	13.3	-
TSE (min)	16.95	14.06	14.77	13.04	Y = 14.70	24.8	-
TSR (min)	26.79	26.05	24.08	24.97	Y = 25.47	19.9	-
TSRR (min)	17.19	17.48	18.17	19.04	Y = 17.97	14.8	-

NM: natural matter.

Table 6 Intake of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (grams meal^-1), feed and rumination efficiency (g MS and NDF hour^-1) and rumination (g of DM and NDF bolus^-1) of sheep fed sugarcane silage with castor bean meal.

Item	Level of castor bean meal (%NM)				Regression Equation	CV (%)	R²
Item	0	7	14	21	Regression Equation	CV (%)	R²
	Ingestion
g DM meal^-1	32.33	54.42	73.25	72.83	$Y = 37.4469 + 2.02399 X$	20.7	0.87
g NDF meal^-1	16.03	19.05	26.81	25.05	$Y = 16.5365 + 0.509118 X$	21.8	0.78
	Feed efficiency
g DM hour^-1	114.2	232.9	307.4	340.9	$Y = 137.035 + 10.8074 X$	18.0	0.99
g NDF hour^-1	56.6	81.5	112.3	116.7	$Y = 60.3533 + 3.04605 X$	17.5	0.98
	Rumination efficiency
g DM hour^-1	69.69	119.14	142.67	148.71	$Y = 33.6733 + 1.76430 X$	15.6	0.87
g NDF hour^-1	34.5	41.7	52.1	51.1	$Y = 36.4848 + 0.83918 X$	15.7	0.86
	Rumination
g of DM bolus^-1	0.84	1.08	1.40	1.57	$Y = 0.845357 + 0.0361684 X$	25.2	0.99
g of NDF bolus^-1	0.42	0.38	0.51	0.54	$Y = 0.383610 + 0.00740872 X$	25.2	0.72

DM: dry matter; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; NM: natural matter

Y = 0.6279 + 0.07998 X + 0.00219 X^{2}

Y = 0.3222 + 0.00846 X

Y = 319.596 - 4.51222 X

Y = 533.02

Y = 582.915 + 4.90116 X

Y = 459.191 - 16.0077 X

Y = 768.772 - 20.7106 X

Y = 1005.44 - 269.436 X

Y = 1688.95 - 28.1219 X

Y = 907.18

Y = 42.0044 - 1.44582 X + 0.06063 X^{2}

Y = 58.91

Y = 50898.12

Y = 37.4469 + 2.02399 X

Y = 16.5365 + 0.509118 X

Y = 137.035 + 10.8074 X

Y = 60.3533 + 3.04605 X

Y = 33.6733 + 1.76430 X

Y = 36.4848 + 0.83918 X

Y = 0.845357 + 0.0361684 X

Y = 0.383610 + 0.00740872 X

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[1] *Author for correspondence. E-mail: juniorzootec@yahoo.com.br