CÔRTES, PEDRO LUIZ; DIAS, ANTÓNIO GUERNER; FERNANDES, MARIA EDUARDA DA SILVA TEIXEIRA; PAMPLONA, JORGE MANUEL VIEIRA

doi:10.1590/1809-4422ASOC139099V1932016

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Articles • Ambient. soc. 19 (03) • Jul-Sep 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC139099V1932016 linkcopiar

ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN BRAZILIAN AND PORTUGUESE STUDENTS

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Los estudiantes universitarios tienen cada vez más acceso a la información ambiental, pero eso no significa que haga el desarrollo de un comportamiento compatible. Con una escala aplicada en 1035 estudiantes universitarios de Brasil y Portugal, se examinó cómo está estructurado el comportamiento ambiental de estos estudiantes. Con el uso de técnicas estadísticas multivariantes, fue verificada una similitud en el comportamiento ambiental de los dos grupos, con las creencias ambientales si manifestando por una oposición a la visión antropocéntrica. Las actitudes ambientales tienen como antecedentes las preocupaciones relacionadas con el medio ambiente. Estas preocupaciones influyen en la opción para el control del crecimiento económico, reforzada por una tendencia ecocéntrica y se caracteriza por una perspectiva de disminución de la producción y del consumo además de la promoción del bienestar. También sí verificó que la opción por el consumo verde no se realiza plenamente, aunque se verifica una tendencia favorable.

Palabras clave:
Actitudes ambientales; Comportamiento ambiental; Consumo verde; Estudio transcultural

Autoría

person PEDRO LUIZ CÔRTES

schoolPhD, Associate Professor, Department of Information and Culture of Communication and Arts School of the University of São Paulo (Brazil), where he develops the research project "Environmental Literacy". Coordinator of the International Network of Research on Environment and Sustainability (RIMAS - www.rimas.academy). E-mail: plcortes@usp.br.University of São PauloBrazilBrazilPhD, Associate Professor, Department of Information and Culture of Communication and Arts School of the University of São Paulo (Brazil), where he develops the research project "Environmental Literacy". Coordinator of the International Network of Research on Environment and Sustainability (RIMAS - www.rimas.academy). E-mail: plcortes@usp.br.

person ANTÓNIO GUERNER DIAS

schoolPhD, Director of the Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning and teacher of master and doctoral programs in Science and Technology of the Environment of the Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (Portugal).E-mail: agdias@fc.up.pt.University of PortoPortugalPortugalPhD, Director of the Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning and teacher of master and doctoral programs in Science and Technology of the Environment of the Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (Portugal).E-mail: agdias@fc.up.pt.

person MARIA EDUARDA DA SILVA TEIXEIRA FERNANDES

schoolPhD, Assistant Professor at School of Technology and Management, and CIGS, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (Portugal), and Full Researcher of NIMA, Universidade do Minho (Portugal). E-mail: eduarda.fernandes@ipleiria.pt.Universidade do MinhoPortugalPortugalPhD, Assistant Professor at School of Technology and Management, and CIGS, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (Portugal), and Full Researcher of NIMA, Universidade do Minho (Portugal). E-mail: eduarda.fernandes@ipleiria.pt.

person JORGE MANUEL VIEIRA PAMPLONA

schoolPhD, Professor of the Department of Earth Sciences and director of the Master's Program in Geosciences at the University of Minho (Portugal). E-mail: jopamp@dct.uminho.pt.University of MinhoPortugalPortugalPhD, Professor of the Department of Earth Sciences and director of the Master's Program in Geosciences at the University of Minho (Portugal). E-mail: jopamp@dct.uminho.pt.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Information and Culture of Communication and Arts School of the University of São Paulo (Brazil), where he develops the research project "Environmental Literacy". Coordinator of the International Network of Research on Environment and Sustainability (RIMAS - www.rimas.academy). E-mail: plcortes@usp.br.University of São PauloBrazilBrazilPhD, Associate Professor, Department of Information and Culture of Communication and Arts School of the University of São Paulo (Brazil), where he develops the research project "Environmental Literacy". Coordinator of the International Network of Research on Environment and Sustainability (RIMAS - www.rimas.academy). E-mail: plcortes@usp.br.

PhD, Director of the Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning and teacher of master and doctoral programs in Science and Technology of the Environment of the Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (Portugal).E-mail: agdias@fc.up.pt.University of PortoPortugalPortugalPhD, Director of the Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning and teacher of master and doctoral programs in Science and Technology of the Environment of the Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (Portugal).E-mail: agdias@fc.up.pt.

PhD, Assistant Professor at School of Technology and Management, and CIGS, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (Portugal), and Full Researcher of NIMA, Universidade do Minho (Portugal). E-mail: eduarda.fernandes@ipleiria.pt.Universidade do MinhoPortugalPortugalPhD, Assistant Professor at School of Technology and Management, and CIGS, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (Portugal), and Full Researcher of NIMA, Universidade do Minho (Portugal). E-mail: eduarda.fernandes@ipleiria.pt.

PhD, Professor of the Department of Earth Sciences and director of the Master's Program in Geosciences at the University of Minho (Portugal). E-mail: jopamp@dct.uminho.pt.University of MinhoPortugalPortugalPhD, Professor of the Department of Earth Sciences and director of the Master's Program in Geosciences at the University of Minho (Portugal). E-mail: jopamp@dct.uminho.pt.

Figuras | Tablas

Figuras (3)
Tablas (9)

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Figure 1 Induction to environmental behavior.

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Figure 2 Scree Plot with eigenvalues and variance explained.

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Figure 3 Scheme of interconnections between Environmental Concern, Environmental Attitude and Economic Growth Control factors

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Table 1 Distribution of interviewees (number and percentage)

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Table 2 Summary of Data and Tests of Cronbach, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Sphericity of Bartlett

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Table 3 Rotated component matrix with the considered factors

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Table 4 Score of different factors

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Table 5 Mann-Whitney Test in the scores of factors - Hypothesis Test

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Table 6 Mann-Whitney Test in the scores of factors - Classification

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Table 7 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality

Thumbnail

Table 8 Spearman Correlation Coefficient (r) between factors

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Assertive Dimensions We are approaching the maximum number of people that Earth can support. Beliefs The balance of nature is very delicate and can easily be disturbed. Human beings have the right to modify the natural environment to fit their needs. Humanity was created to rule the rest of nature. Humanity does not need to adapt to the natural environment because it can modify it to fit its needs. In order to keep a healthy environment, we have to control the economic growth. The reduction of global warming should be a priority to all countries. Global Concerns Deforestation of large forests can compromise the future of humanity. Pollution of rivers and lakes can affect the quality of human beings' life. Air pollution in my town is something that worries me a lot. Local Concerns The disposal of urban waste should receive continued attention from public managers. Urban growth is increasingly harmful to the environment. I 'm favorable to an international tax for the countries that generate more greenhouse gases. Global Attitude Some countries should limit their economic growth to avoid the abusive usage of natural resources. The pollution of the oceans should deserve priority attention from all countries. I must save electricity in my house to contribute to the improvement of the environment Local Attitude I must use public transportation to help the environment. I have to save water at home to take care of the environment. How ease the disposal or recycling are should always be considered when buying a product. Potential Consumption The durability of a product reduces its environmental impact, even if it is more expensive A certification indicating that a product was made following environmental standards helps my purchase decision. Companies should be encouraged to use recycled raw material as a way to reduce their environmental impacts. When I buy, I prioritize products that are more easily recycled. Actual Consumption Choosing a product, I prioritize the environmental aspects rather than the price/quality. Between two similar products, I prefer the one produced with recycled raw materials. I purchase products that do not waste resources in their packaging. Note: Responders could indicate their level of agreement in a scale from 1 to 4, 1 meaning "totally agree" and 4 "totally disagree".

imageFigure 1 Induction to environmental behavior. open_in_new

imageFigure 2 Scree Plot with eigenvalues and variance explained. open_in_new

imageFigure 3 Scheme of interconnections between Environmental Concern, Environmental Attitude and Economic Growth Control factors open_in_new

table_chartTable 1 Distribution of interviewees (number and percentage)

Country	n	%
Brazil	543	52.5
Portugal	492	47.5
Total	1035	100.0

table_chartTable 2 Summary of Data and Tests of Cronbach, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Sphericity of Bartlett

table_chartTable 3 Rotated component matrix with the considered factors

Name of Factors / Components and Related Questions	Factors /Components
Name of Factors / Components and Related Questions	1	2	3	4	5
1 - ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
9. The pollution of rivers and lakes can affect the quality of human beings' life.	0.731
8. Deforestation of large forests can compromise the future of humanity.	0.665
11. The disposal of urban waste should receive continued attention from public managers.	0.593
7. The reduction of global warming should receive priority attention from all countries.	0.584
15. The pollution of the oceans should deserve priority attention from all countries.	0.575
10. Air pollution in my town is something that worries me a lot.	0.550
2 - GREEN COMSUPTION
23. When I buy, I prioritize products that are more easily recycled.		0.781
26. I purchase products that do not waste resources in their packaging.		0.755
24. Choosing a product, I prioritize the environmental aspects rather than the price/quality.		0.737
25. Between two similar products, I prefer the one produced with recycled raw materials		0.684
21. A certification indicating that a product was made following environmental standards helps my purchase decision.		0.497
3 - ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDE
18. I have to save water at home to take care of the environment.			0.698
17. I must use public transportation to help the environment.			0.683
16. I must save electricity in my house to contribute to the improvement of the environment.			0.659
19. How ease the disposal or recycling are should always be considered when buying a product.			0.555
20. The durability of a product reduces its environmental impact, even if it is more expensive.			0.406
4 - ECONOMIC GROWTH CONTROL
12. Urban growth is increasingly harmful to the environment.				0.624
1. We are approaching the maximum number of people that Earth can support.				0.599
20. The durability of a product reduces its environmental impact, even if it is more expensive.				0.526
13. I 'm favorable to an international tax for the countries that generate more greenhouse gases.				0.512
2. The balance of nature is very delicate and can easily be disturbed.				0.424
5 - ANTHROPOCENTRIC BELIEFS
4. Humanity was created to rule the rest of nature.					0.733
3. Human beings have the right to modify the natural environment to fit their needs.					0.678
5. Humanity does not need to adapt to the natural environment because it can modify it to fit its needs.					0.639

Note: principal component method. Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Rotation after six iterations.

table_chartTable 4 Score of different factors

	Environmental Concerns	Green Consumption	Environment. Attitude	Econ. Growth Control	Anthropocentric Beliefs
Brazil	3.60	2.42	3.18	3.07	1.84
Portugal	3.46	2.32	3.22	3.15	1.79
Difference Brazil and Portugal (%)	4.05	4.31	-1.24	-2.54	2.79

table_chartTable 5 Mann-Whitney Test in the scores of factors - Hypothesis Test

	Environmental Concern	Green Consumption	Environment. Attitude	Econ. Growth Control	Anthropocentric Beliefs
Mann-Whitney U	83072.500	99286.000	101977.000	98571.000	102907.500
Wilcoxon W	185450.500	201664.000	216937.000	213531.000	205285.500
Z	-6.202	-2.200	-1.546	-2.381	-1.324
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000	0.028	0.122	0.017	0.186

Note: Grouping made by the variable Country

table_chartTable 6 Mann-Whitney Test in the scores of factors - Classification

	Country	N	Mean Rank	Difference between Brazil and Portugal (%)	Sum of Ranks
Environmental Concern	Brazil	479	518.57	26.39	248395.5
Environmental Concern	Portugal	452	410.29	26.39	185450.5

Green Consumption	Brazil	479	484.72	8.64	232182.0
Green Consumption	Portugal	452	446.16	8.64	201664.0

Environment Attitude	Brazil	479	452.90	-5.62	216937.0
Environment Attitude	Portugal	452	479.89	-5.62	216909.0

Economic Growth Control	Brazil	479	445.78	-8.54	213531.0
Economic Growth Control	Portugal	452	487.42	-8.54	220315.0

Anthropocentric Beliefs	Brazil	479	477.16	5.06	228560.5
Anthropocentric Beliefs	Portugal	452	454.17	5.06	205285.5

table_chartTable 7 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality

Factors	Kolmogorov-Smirnov^a
Factors	Statistic	df	Sig.
Environmental Concern	0.145	931	0.000
Green Consumption	0.088	931	0.000
Environmental Attitude	0.130	931	0.000
Economic Growth Control	0.099	931	0.000
Anthropocentric Beliefs	0.125	931	0.000

table_chartTable 8 Spearman Correlation Coefficient (r) between factors

		Environmental Concern	Green Consumption	Environmental Attitude	Economic Growth Control	Anthropocentric Beliefs
Environmental Concern	Brasil	1.000	0.320	0.473	0.441	-0.247
Environmental Concern	Portugal	1.000	0.304	0.579	0.467	-0.275
Green Consumption	Brasil	0.320	1.000	0.395	0.296	-0.229
Green Consumption	Portugal	0.304	1.000	0.391	0.325	-0.185
Environmental Attitude	Brasil	0.473	0.395	1.000	0.562	-0.247
Environmental Attitude	Portugal	0.579	0.391	1.000	0.516	-0.326
Economic Growth Control	Brasil	0.441	0.296	0.562	1.000	-0.318
Economic Growth Control	Portugal	0.467	0.325	0.516	1.000	-0.290
Anthropocentric Beliefs	Brasil	-0.247	-0.229	-0.247	-0.318	1.000
Anthropocentric Beliefs	Portugal	-0.275	-0.185	-0.326	-0.290	1.000

table_chart

Assertive	Dimensions
We are approaching the maximum number of people that Earth can support.	Beliefs
The balance of nature is very delicate and can easily be disturbed.
Human beings have the right to modify the natural environment to fit their needs.
Humanity was created to rule the rest of nature.
Humanity does not need to adapt to the natural environment because it can modify it to fit its needs.
In order to keep a healthy environment, we have to control the economic growth.
The reduction of global warming should be a priority to all countries.	Global Concerns
Deforestation of large forests can compromise the future of humanity.
Pollution of rivers and lakes can affect the quality of human beings' life.
Air pollution in my town is something that worries me a lot.	Local Concerns
The disposal of urban waste should receive continued attention from public managers.
Urban growth is increasingly harmful to the environment.
I 'm favorable to an international tax for the countries that generate more greenhouse gases.	Global Attitude
Some countries should limit their economic growth to avoid the abusive usage of natural resources.
The pollution of the oceans should deserve priority attention from all countries.
I must save electricity in my house to contribute to the improvement of the environment	Local Attitude
I must use public transportation to help the environment.
I have to save water at home to take care of the environment.
How ease the disposal or recycling are should always be considered when buying a product.	Potential Consumption
The durability of a product reduces its environmental impact, even if it is more expensive
A certification indicating that a product was made following environmental standards helps my purchase decision.
Companies should be encouraged to use recycled raw material as a way to reduce their environmental impacts.
When I buy, I prioritize products that are more easily recycled.	Actual Consumption
Choosing a product, I prioritize the environmental aspects rather than the price/quality.
Between two similar products, I prefer the one produced with recycled raw materials.
I purchase products that do not waste resources in their packaging.

Note: Responders could indicate their level of agreement in a scale from 1 to 4, 1 meaning "totally agree" and 4 "totally disagree".

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[TFN2] Note: principal component method. Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Rotation after six iterations.