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Articles • Ambient. soc. 20 (04) • Oct-Dec 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0020r4v2042017 copy

WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE SERVICES REGULATION INDICATORS IN POVERTY AREAS: STRUCTURE AND APPLICATION PROCESS IN CUBATÃO-SP, BRAZIL¹ 1 . The authors are grateful to: Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), grant 2015 / 23382-1; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The sanitation regulatory milestone in Brazil was established in 2007; regulatory agencies are responsible for assuring that service providers work in compliance with sanitation plans. The Water Supply and Sanitation Services (WS&SS) provided to subnormal clusters present peculiar features that require regulatory agencies to have appropriate tools to perform such monitoring. The aim of the current article is to build and present a system of indicators used for this purpose. A combination of traditional and participatory approaches was used to collect the indicators. Eleven indicators were proposed in the participatory approach and twelve were inserted in the traditional approach. These indicators were assessed by experts and applied to Cubatão County. Thus, a system comprising twenty-three indicators is herein presented to help monitoring the contractual and planning goals of WS&SS provided to subnormal clusters. The model is innovative and can be used in Incentive-based or in Sunshine regulations.

Keywords:
Environmental indicators; water supply and sanitary sewage; squatter settlements and slums

Indicators
Analysis criteria	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Understandable and interesting	◦	●	◦	◦	◦	○	○	○	◦	○	◦	○
2. Relevant	○	●	○	◦	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
3. Viable	○	●	○	○	◦	◦	○	○	○	○	○	○
4. Sufficient	◦	○	○	○	○	○	◦	◦	○	○	○	○
5. Timely	○	●	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
6. Appropriate in scale	○	◦	○	○	○	○	◦	◦	◦	○	○	○
7. Democratic	○	○	○	◦	○	○	◦	○	○	○	○	○
8. Measurable	●	◦	○	◦	◦	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
9. Preventive and proactive	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○	○
10. Not tight	○	○	○	○	○	●	◦	○	○	○	○	○
Legend:	○	Meet			◦	Partially meet				●	Do not meet

	Identification	Name	Description	Formula	Desired direction
Social	1	Restricted service	Restricted WS&SS provision in subnormal clusters due to irregular housing	$\frac{D . I . A . S .}{D . T . A . S .} * 100$	↓
	2	Water service	Water coverage in subnormal clusters	$\frac{D . C . R . A . A . S .}{D . T . A . S .} * 100$	↑
	3	Sewage service	Sewage coverage in subnormal clusters	$\frac{D . C . R . E . A . S .}{D . T . A . S .} * 100$	↑
Operational	4	Water network expansion	Water network expansion in subnormal clusters	$C . T . R . A - C . T . R . A . A$	↑
	5	Sewage network expansion	Sewage network expansion in subnormal clusters	$C . T . R . E - C . T . R . E . A$	↑
	6	Presence of artesian wells	Artesian wells in subnormal clusters	$\frac{D . A . S . A . P . A .}{D . T . A . S .} * 100$	↓
	7	Presence of septic tank	Sanitary sewage through septic tanks in subnormal clusters	$\frac{D . A . S . A . F . S .}{D . T . A . S .} * 100$	↓
	8	Accession to the sewage network	Accession to the sewage network in subnormal clusters	$\frac{E . A . E . A . S .}{E . A . A . I . A . S .} * 100$	↑
	9	Accession to the water network	Accession to the water network in subnormal clusters	$\frac{E . A . A . A . S .}{E . A . A . I . A . S .} * 100$	↑
Management	10	Investment in ST&I	Financial investment in ST&I research aimed at serving subnormal clusters	$\frac{I . C . T . I . A . S .}{I . C . T . I .} * 100$	↑
	11	Human Resources	Human resources entrusted with WS&SS provision to subnormal clusters	$\frac{F . E . A . S .}{F . T .} * 100$	↑
	12	Communication	Responses to complaints and suggestions coming from subnormal clusters	$\frac{N . R .}{N . R . S . A . S .} * 100$	↑
Institutional	13	Institutional partnerships	Institutional partnerships related to WS&SS universalization	$N u m b e r o f p a r t n e r s h i p s$	↑
Water Resources	14	Sewage collection	Ratio between sewage collection and consumed water volume in subnormal clusters	$\frac{V . E . C . A . S .}{V . A . C . A . S .} * 100$	↑
	15	Sewage treatment	Ratio between treated sewage volume and total collected volume in subnormal clusters	$\frac{V . E . T . A . S .}{V . E . C . A . S .} * 100$	↑
	16	Physical water losses	Volume of supplied water, but not used by subnormal clusters.	$\frac{V . A . F . - V . A . C . A . S .}{V . A . F .} * 100$	↓
Financeira	17	Financial water losses	Billing losses due to informally consumed water in subnormal clusters	$\frac{V . O . U . A . S .}{V . A . F} * 100$	↓
	18	Financial investments in the area	Financial investments aimed at serving subnormal clusters	$\frac{I . A . S .}{I . T .} * 100$	↑
	19	Specific subsidy on water connections	Subsidy on water connections in subnormal cluster areas.	$100 - \frac{C . M . L . U . A . S}{C . M . L . O . A . S}$	↑
	20	General subsidy on water connections	Subsidy on water connections for general users	$100 - \frac{C . M . L . U . G}{C . M . L . O . G}$	↓
	21	Social tariff	Families paying Social Tariff in areas presenting vulnerable populations	$\frac{D . T . S . A . S .}{D . C . R . A . A . S .} * 100$	↑
Education and Citizenship	22	Educational programs	Educational programs developed by operators.	$N . P . R . O . C$	↑
Education and Citizenship	23	Adherence to programs	Participation level in the offered programs, meetings, workshops, and courses.	$\frac{N . P}{N . P . R . O . C}$	↑

Source: Prepared by the authors based on the participatory and traditional stages.
Notes:
D.I.A.S.: Irregular households in subnormal clusters (n.)
D.C.R.A.A.S.: Households connected to the water network in subnormal clusters (n.)
D.T.A.S.: Total households in subnormal clusters (n.)
D.C.R.E.A.S.: Households connected to the sewage network in subnormal clusters (n.)
C.T.R.A.: Total water network length in subnormal clusters (m)
C.T.R.A.A.: Total water network length in subnormal clusters in the previous year (m)
C.T.R.E.: Total sewage network length in subnormal clusters (m)
C.T.R.E.A.: Total sewage network length in subnormal clusters in the previous year (m)
I.C.T.I.A.S.: Investment in specific ST&I research focused on subnormal clusters (R$)
I.C.T.I.: Total investment in ST&I research by the operator (R$)
F.E.A.S.: Specific employees serving subnormal clusters (n.)
F.T.: Total number of employees in the operator (n.)
N.R.: Number of responses (n.)
N.R.S.A.S.: Number of complaints and suggestions coming from subnormal clusters (n.)
V.E.C.A.S.: Collected sewage volume in subnormal clusters (m³)
V.A.C.A.S.: Consumed water volume in subnormal clusters (m³)
V.E.T.A.S.: Treated sewage volume in subnormal clusters (m³)
V.A.F.: Supplied water volume in subnormal clusters (m³)
V.O.U.A.S.: Other water-use volumes in subnormal clusters (m³)
I.A.S.: Operators’ investment in subnormal clusters (R$)
I.T.: Total operator’s investment (R$)
C.M.L.U.A.S.: Mean connection costs to subnormal cluster users (R$)
C.M.L.O.A.S.: Mean connection costs to the operator in subnormal clusters (R$)
C.M.L.U.G.: Mean connection costs to general users (R$)
C.M.L.O.G.: Mean connection costs to the operator in the county (R$)
D.T.S.A.S.: Households paying social tariff in subnormal clusters (n.)
D.A.S.A.P.A.: Households served through artesian wells in subnormal clusters (n.)
D.A.S.A.F.S.: Households served through septic tanks in subnormal clusters (n.)
E.A.E.A.S.: Active sewage savings in subnormal clusters (n.)
E.A.A.I.A.S.: Active and inactive water savings in subnormal clusters (n.)
E.A.A.A.S.: Active water savings in subnormal clusters (n.)
N.P.R.O.C.: Number of offered programs, meetings, workshops and courses (n.)
N.P.: Number of participants (n.)

	Number	Name	Results
Social	1	Restricted service	*
	2	Water service	82.73%
	3	Sewage service	0%
Operational	4	Water network expansion	*
	5	Sewage network expansion	*
	6	Presence of artesian wells	0.24%
	7	Presence of septic tank	1.86%
	8	Accession to the sewage network	0%
	9	Accession to the water network	92.56%
Management	10	Investment in ST&I	*
	11	Human Resources	10%
	12	Communication	*
Institutional	13	Institutional partnerships	3
Water resources	14	Sewage collection	0%
	15	Sewage treatment	0%
	16	Physical water losses	16.79%
Financial	17	Financial water losses	46.89%
	18	Financial investments in the area	*
	19	Specific subsidy on water connections	50.66%
	20	General subsidy on water connections	56.09%
	21	Social tariff	26.36%
Education and citizenship	22	Educational programs	*
Education and citizenship	23	Adherence to programs	*

ANPPAS - Revista Ambiente e Sociedade Anppas / Revista Ambiente e Sociedade - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistaambienteesociedade@gmail.com

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