Chemical control of multiple herbicide-resistant <i>Amaranthus</i>: A review

Braz, Guilherme B.P.; Takano, Hudson K.

doi:10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:Amaranthus009

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Adv Weed Sci 40 (spe 2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2022;40:Amaranthus009 copy

Chemical control of multiple herbicide-resistant Amaranthus: A review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Plants of the genus Amaranthus are important agricultural weeds that compromise food production worldwide. Several biological characteristics make these plants thrive in the environment and cause significant yield losses in many crops. Among the seven most important Amaranthus species in the Americas, four have populations with resistance to more than one mode of action (A. hybridus, A. palmeri, A. retroflexus, and A. viridis). While multiple herbicide-resistance in Amaranthus species is widespread, chemical control remains as one of the most important tools against those weeds. In this review, we compiled data from multiple sources on the efficacy of different herbicides across the most common modes of action that are used in Amaranthus management. Both PRE and POST herbicides are discussed, as well as the key factors to be considered when using each one of them. Residual PRE herbicides bring several advantages when managing Amaranthus species. These herbicides can avoid weed interference in the initial stages of crop development and provide a more favorable situation for weed control in POST. In addition, including PRE herbicides allows for the addition of alternative modes of action that are not available as POST treatments. Most POST herbicides have limitations regarding weed size and herbicide resistance status. Applying POST herbicides at the early growth stage of weeds is crucial to obtain efficacy. Finally, weed management sustainability depends on herbicides. Therefore, herbicide use should be combined with other weed control methods to avoid herbicide resistance evolution.

Keywords:
Amaranthaceae; Herbicides, Mode of action; Multiple herbicide resistance; Pigweed; Weed management

Scientific name	Common name	Resistance			Resistance report
Scientific name	Common name	Single	Cross	Multiple	Resistance report
A. deflexus	Low amaranth	-	-	-	-
A. lividus	Livid amaranth	-	-	-	-
A. spinosus	Spiny amaranth	-	-	-	-
A. hybridus	Smooth pigweed	-	-	EPSPs and ALS	Heap (2022)Heap I. International survey of herbicide-resistant weeds. Weedscience. 2022[access May 5, 2022]. Available from: https://www.weedscience.org https://www.weedscience.org...
A. palmeri	Palmer amaranth	-	EPSPS	EPSPs and ALS	Carvalho et al. (2015)Carvalho SJP, Gonçalves Netto A, Nicolai M, Cavenaghi AL, López-Ovejero RF, Christoffoleti PJ. Detection of glyphosate-resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in agricultural areas of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2015;33(3):579-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582015000300020 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201500... Gonçalves Netto et al. (2016)Gonçalves Netto A, Nicolai M, Carvalho SJP, Borgato EA, Christoffoleti PJ. Multiple resistance of Amaranthus palmeri to ALS and EPSPs inhibiting herbicides in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2016;34(3):581-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582016340300019 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201634...
A. retroflexus	Redroot pigweed	-	ALS	ALS and PSII	Francischini et al. (2014a)Francischini AC, Constantin J, Oliveira Jr. RS, Santos G, Franchini LHM, Biffe DF. Resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides in Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2014a;32(2):437-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000200022 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201400... Francischini et al. (2017)
A. retroflexus	Redroot pigweed	PROTOX	-	-	Heap (2022)Heap I. International survey of herbicide-resistant weeds. Weedscience. 2022[access May 5, 2022]. Available from: https://www.weedscience.org https://www.weedscience.org...
A. viridis	Slender amaranth	-	-	ALS and PSII	Francischini et al. (2014b)Francischini AC, Constantin J, Oliveira Jr. RS, Santos G, Braz GBP, Dan HA. First report of Amaranthus viridis resistance to herbicides. Planta Daninha. 2014b;32(3):571-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582014000300013 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201400...

Species	Type of resistance	Mode(s) of action (e.g.: active ingredient)^1/ 1/ Source: Adapted from Heap (2022). PSII, photosystem II; ALS, acetolactate synthase; EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; HPPD, hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; VLCFA, very-long chain fatty acid.
A. palmeri	Single	EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (nicosulfuron)
		GS inhibitors (glufosinate)
		Microtubule assembly inhibitors (trifluralin)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D)
		VLCFA inhibitors (S-metolachlor)
	Cross	ALS inhibitors (imazapic and pyrithiobac)
	Cross	HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione and tembotrione)
	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (trifloxysulfuron and pyrithiobac)
		PPO inhibitors (fomesafen)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		HPPD inhibitors (tembotrione)
		PPO inhibitors (fomesafen)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		Synthetic auxin (dicamba)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (thifensulfuron)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (imazapic and pyrithiobac)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (chlorsulfuron)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		Microtubule assembly inhibitors (pendimethalim)
		ALS inhibitors (flumetsulam)
		VLCFA inhibitors (S-metolachlor)
		PPO inhibitors (carfentrazone)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
A. retroflexus	Single	PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PPO Inhibitors (fomesafen)
	Cross	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and metribuzin)
	Cross	ALS inhibitors (pyrithiobac and trifloxysulfuron)
	Multiple	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and prometryne)
		ALS inhibitors (trifloxysulfuron)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PPO inhibitors (lactofen and fomesafen)
A. blitoides	Cross	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and simazine)
	Multiple	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and simazine)
	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (chlorsulfuron)
A. albus	Single	PSII inhibitors (simazine)
A. spinosus	Single	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, and pyrithiobac)
A. spinosus	Single	EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
A. tuberculatus	Single	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		PPO inhibitors (lactofen)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
	Cross	ALS inhibitors (flumetsulam, imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine and cyanazine)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone)
		VLCFA inhibitors (S-metolachlor and pyroxasulfone)
	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr and flumetsulam)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr and chlorimuron)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine and metribuzin)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PPO inhibitors (fomesafen and lactofen)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (imazamox and thifensulfuron)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		PPO inhibitors (acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen)
		ALS inhibitors (cloransulam and imazamox)
		PPO inhibitors (acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron and imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone)
		ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron and imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D, aminopyralid, and picloram)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PPO inhibitors (lactofen)
		ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		HPPD inhibitors (isoxaflutole and mesotrione)
		ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron and imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione and tembotrione)
A. tuberculatus	Multiple	PPO inhibitors (acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione)
		PPO inhibitors (fomesafen)
A. viridis	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (trifloxysulfuron)
A. viridis	Multiple	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and prometryne)
A. powellii	Single	PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
	Cross	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and metribuzin)
	Cross	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr and thifensulfuron)
	Multiple	PSII inhibitors (atrazine and metribuzin)
	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
A. blitum ssp. oleraceus	Single	PSI inhibitors (paraquat)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
A. cruentus	Single	PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
A. hybridus	Single	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)
	Cross	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr, chlorimuron, and flumetsulam)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine, bentazon, and bromoxynil)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D and dicamba)
		PPO inhibitors (fomesafen, lactofen, and sulfentrazone)
	Multiple	ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		Synthetic auxin (2,4-D and dicamba)
		EPSPs inhibitors (glyphosate)
		ALS inhibitors (imazethapyr)
		PSII inhibitors (atrazine)

Active ingredient	A. hybridus	A. palmeri	A. retroflexus	A. viridis
ALS inhibitors
Chlorimuron
Diclosulam
Flumetsulam
Imazethapyr
PSII inhibitors
Ametryn
Amicarbazone
Atrazine
Diuron
Metribuzin
Prometryne
DXS inhibitors
Clomazone
HPPD inhibitors
Isoxaflutole
PPO inhibitors
Fomesafen
Flumioxazin
Oxyfluorfen
Sulfentrazone
Microtubule inhibitors
Pendimethalin
Trifluralin
VLCFA inhibitors
S-metolachlor
Pyroxasulfone
Synthetic auxin
2,4-D

Active ingredient	A. hybridus		A. palmeri		A. retroflexus		A. viridis
Active ingredient	POST_Early	POST_Late	POST_Early	POST_Late	POST_Early	POST_Late	POST_Early	POST_Late
ALS Inhibitors
Chlorimuron
Cloransulam
Imazethapyr
Metsulfuron
Nicosulfuron
Pyrithiobac
Trifloxysulfuron
PSII inhibitors
Atrazine
Bentazon
PSI inhibitors
Diquat
Paraquat*
HPPD inhibitors
Mesotrione
Tembotrione
PPO inhibitors
Carfentrazone
Fomesafen
Flumiclorac
Flumioxazin
Lactofen
Saflufenacil
EPSPs inhibitors
Glyphosate
GS inhibitors
Glufosinate
Synthetic auxin
2,4-D
Dicamba
Triclopyr

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[1] *Corresponding author: <guilhermebrag@gmail.com>