Oral Yeast Load and Species of Young Individuals Aged 18-25

Ateş, Gülçin Özcan; Otkun, Müşerref

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2023230400

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Article - Human and Animal Health • Braz. arch. biol. technol. 66 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2023230400 copy

Oral Yeast Load and Species of Young Individuals Aged 18-25

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Microbiota is considered an organ that affects the health of the human body and includes many microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, mold, viruses, protozoa, and archaea. Microorganism such as Candida sp., a part of the microbiota, is known to cause diseases in the case of opportunistic pathogens under various conditions. Yeast loads and species in the oral mycobiota of young individuals aged 18-25 were determined in our study. Two methods, centrifugation and dilution, were used to determine the oral yeast load. Samples were taken from 31 individuals for the centrifugation method, including 29 for the dilution method and five of these individuals. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud 2% Dextrose Agar (SDA) and SDA containing chloramphenicol (SCAF). As a result, in young individuals aged 18-25, the oral yeast load was 0.01±0.01 and 1.87±0.01 log CFU in SCAF, and it was 0.01±0.01 and >3.00±0.01 log CFU in SDA. A total of 400 isolates were taken from the counting plates, and 140 were determined to be yeast by gram staining. Germ tube test of the isolates determined to be yeasts determined that 108 were probably Candida albicans or Candida dubliniensis. 140 isolates were also identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates were identified as C. albicans (38.58%), C. albicans or C. africana (3.57%), C. dubliniensis (32.86%), C. parapsilosis (20%), C. inconspicua (2.14%), Pichia manshurica (2.14%), and Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus (0.71%). It has been determined that young individuals between the ages of 18-25 carry Candida species in their oral mycobiota.

Keywords:
oral mycobiota; oral yeast load; Candida spp; MALDI-TOF MS

HIGHLIGHTS

• Individuals between aged18-25 carry Candida in their mouths without symptoms.

• Specific or antibiotic media should be used to determine the oral yeast load.

• MALDI-TOF MS is a fast, inexpensive, and effective method for yeast identification.

Participants No	SCAF Log CFU	Yeast İsolates Number of SCAF	SDA Log CFU	Yeast İsolates Number of SDA	Bacteria Isolates Number of SDA
1	1.87±0.01*	9	1.95±0.04	6	4
5	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
7	1.33±0.18	5	1.79±0.04	8	-
20	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
25		0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
30	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
31	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
32	0.95±0.11	7	>3.00±0.01	11	0
33	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	16
34	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	7
35	-	0	>3.00±0.01	1	8
36	1.16±0.06	5	>3.00±0.01	4	2
37	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	15
38	-	0	>3.00±0.01	0	11
39	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	10
40	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	4
41	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	16
42	0.78±0.01	5	>3.00±0.01	5	0
43	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	10
44	1.32±0.03	5	>3.00±0.01	4	6
45	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	16
46	0.00±0.01	1	>3.00±0.01	0	16
47	1.71±0.01	8	>3.00±0.01	8	2
48	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	7
49	1.68±0.01	7	>3.00±0.01	7	3
50	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	14
51	0.90±0.42	5	>3.00±0.01	4	1
52	0.72±1.01	5	>3.00±0.01	5	0
53	0.75±0.64	5	>3.00±0.01	4	1
54	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	4
55	-	-	>3.00±0.01	0	12

Variables	n	%	Yeast load	p-value
Sex Female Male	27 4	87.1 12.9	0.49 ± 0.13 0.00 ± 0.01	0.107*
Age 21 22 23	5 16 8	16.1 51.6 25.8	0.49 ± 0.33 0.39 ± 0.16 0.40 ± 0.20	0.864^†
Marital Status Married Single	2 29	6.5 93.5	0.66 ± 0.66 0.41 ± 0.12	0.647*
What is the frequency of brushing your teeth? Once a day Two per day After each meal No	3 24 2 0	9.7 77.4 6.5 0	0.26 ± 0.26 0.39 ± 0.12 0.86 ± 0.86 0.00 ± 0.01	0.735^†
How often do you go to the dentist? Once a month Quarterly Once a year Never without dental distress	1 5 10 13	3.2 16.1 32.3 41.9	0.00 ± 0.01 0.53 ± 0.35 0.36 ± 0.20 0.43 ± 0.18	0.799^†
Do you use dental floss? Yes No	8 21	25.8 67.7	0.63 ± 0. 27 0.32 ± 0.12	0.314*
Do you use mouth rinse water? Yes No	12 17	38.7 54.8	0.58 ± 0.20 0.29 ± 0.14	0.287*
Do you still have health problems with your teeth? Yes No	12 17	38.7 54.8	0.57 ± 0.18 0.30 ± 0.15	0.089*
Do you have fillings in your teeth? Yes No	20 9	64.5% 29.0%	0.50 ± 0.14 0.21 ± 0.21	0.105*
Do you have dentures in your teeth? Yes No	3 26	9.7 83.9	0.57 ± 0.57 0.39 ± 0.12	0.870*
How often do you chew gum? Once a day Two per day As it comes to my mind No	0 2 22 5	0 6.5 71.0 16.1	0.00 ± 0.01 0.84 ± 0.84 0.43 ± 0.13 0.15 ± 0.15	0.500^†
How often do you change your toothbrush? Once in a month Quarterly Once in a six month As it comes to my mind	3 14 9 3	9.7 45.2 29.0 9.7	0.56 ± 0.56 0.23 ± 0.10 0.65 ± 0.27 0.39 ± 0.39	0.457^†
Do your gums bleed when you brush your teeth? Yes No	11 17	35.5 54.8	0.45 ± 0.16 0.41 ± 0.17	0.408*
Have you pulled your wisdom teeth? Yes No	5 23	16.1 74.2	0.60 ± 0.26 0.39 ± 0.13	0.395*
Do you get dental calculus cleaning? Yes No	12 17	38.7 54.8	0.32 ± 0.14 0.48 ± 0.17	0.612*
Do you pay attention to the contents of the toothpaste you use? Yes No	17 12	54.8 38.7	0.44 ± 0.14 0.37 ± 0.18	0.685*
Have you ever used braces? Yes No	4 25	12.0 80.6	0.19 ± 0.19 0.44 ± 0.13	0.447*
When was the last time you used antibiotics? in the last month in the last three months in the last six months over a year ago	5 9 6 9	16.1 29.0 19.4 29.0	0.91 ± 0.38 0.11 ± 0.10 0.25 ± 0.16 0.54 ± 0.24	0.265^†
How often do you use alcohol? everyday once a week once in a month no	0 4 11 14	0 12.9 35.5 45.2	0.00 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.20 0.00 ± 0.01 0.51 ± 0.18	0.254^†
Do you use cola or acidic beverages? Yes No	22 7	71.0 22.6	0.37 ± 0.13 0.55± 0.27	0.559*

Participant number	Isolate Code	GTT ( +/ -)	Identification According to Traditional Methods	MALDI-TOF MS Identification	MALDI-TOF MS Score*
1	101	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.427
1	102	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.900
1	103	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.828
1	104	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.723
1	105	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.809
1	106	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans or C. africana	1.676
1	107	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans or C. africana	1.471
1	108	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.744
1	109	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.703
1	111	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.674
1	112	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.964
1	114	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.74
1	116	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.601
1	117	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.422
1	119	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.736
7	120	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.825
7	121	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.590
7	122	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.773
7	123	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.169
7	124	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.861
7	125	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.765
7	126	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.536
7	127	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.751
7	128	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.728
7	129	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.565
7	130	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.797
7	131	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.506
7	132^†	-	-	C. dubliniensis	1.666
36	133	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.755
36	134	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.937
36	135	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.808
36	136	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.004
36	137	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.821
36	138	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.598
36	139	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.561
36	140	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.679
36	143	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.478
42	144	-	-	Pichia manshurica	1.919
42	145^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	1.650
42	146	-		C. parapsilosis	1.887
42	147	-		Pichia manshurica	1.871
42	148	-		C. parapsilosis	1.687
42	149	-		C. parapsilosis	1.753
42	150	-		Pichia manshurica	2.110
42	151	-		C. parapsilosis	1.652
42	152	-		C. inconspicua	1.774
42	153	-		C. parapsilosis	1.903
44	154	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.859
44	155	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.828
44	156	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.703
44	157^†	-		C. albicans	1.964
44	158	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.773
44	161^†	-		C. dubliniensis	2.169
44	164^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. inconspicua	1.706
44	167	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.908
44	168^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	1.785
47	169	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.004
47	170	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.447
47	171	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.905
47	172^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. inconspicua	1.720
47	173	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.920
47	174	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.908
47	175^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	1.785
47	176	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.905
47	177	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.972
47	178	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.886
47	179	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.848
47	181	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans or C. africana	1.911
47	182	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.761
47	184	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.888
47	185	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.682
47	186	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.601
49	187	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.722
49	188	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.769
49	189	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.806
49	190	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.578
49	191	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.750
49	192	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.847
49	193-1	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.641
49	193-2	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.896
49	194	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.783
49	197	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.903
49	198	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.938
49	199	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.784
49	201	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.761
49	202	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.654
51	203	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.606
51	204	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.438
51	205	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.765
51	206	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.330
51	207	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.025
51	209	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.659
51	210	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.189
51	211	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.617
51	212	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.867
52	213	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.728
52	214	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	2.123
52	215	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.685
52	216^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	1.882
52	217	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.584
52	218	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.689
52	219	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.842
52	220	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.665
52	221	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.808
52	222	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.946
53	223	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.837
53	224	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.899
53	225	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.757
53	226	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.944
53	227^†	-	-	C. albicans	2.072
53	228^†	-	-	C. albicans	1.690
53	229	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.983
53	230	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	2.017
53	231	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans or C. africana	1.694
32	301	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.844
32	302	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.615
32	303	-	-	C. parapsilosis	2.007
32	304	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.706
32	305	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.933
32	306	-	-	C. parapsilosis	2.036
32	307	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.917
32	308	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.504
32	309	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.971
32	310	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.842
32	311	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.895
32	312	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.812
32	313	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.849
32	314	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.836
32	315	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.761
32	316	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.827
32	317	-	-	C. parapsilosis	2.043
32	318	-	-	C. parapsilosis	1.862
35	342	-	-	Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus	1.959
46	400^†	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	1.808
12	469	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. dubliniensis	1.902
18	470	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.660
18	471	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans or C. africana	1.443
18	472	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.766
18	473	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.871
21	474	+	C. albicans or C. dubliniensis	C. albicans	1.886

Participant number	C. albicans	Candida albicans or C. africana	C. dubliniensis	C. parapsilosis	C. inconspicua	P. manshurica	W. subpelliculosus
1, 53	x	x
7	x		x
32,46				x
36, 51			x
42				x	x	x
44	x		x	x	x
47	x	x	x	x	x
49	x
52			x	x
35							x

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[1] *Correspondence: gulcinozcan@comu.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-286-2180018(14000) - (G.Ö.A.).