Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

BAR - Brazilian Administration Review

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Research Article • BAR, Braz. Adm. Rev. 19 (04) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2022220005 copy

A Chip off the Old Block? Effects of Gender Homophily on Intergenerational Transmission of Entrepreneurial Behavior

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The intergenerational transmission is one of the key variables that shape entrepreneurship as an occupational choice. However, the role of gender is still a gap in the literature on intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial behavior. Thus, this study aims to assess the effect of gender homophily in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial behavior. The sample was composed of 10,889 students from the Federal Institute of Technology of Rio Grande do Norte. The probit regression method was applied to measure the probability of an individual becoming an entrepreneur if they are born of an entrepreneurial father or mother. The results show that being an offspring of an entrepreneurial father or entrepreneurial mother is associated with an increase in the probability of an individual becoming an entrepreneur. Moreover, the transmission is increased when the entrepreneurial parent and the offspring share the same gender.

Keywords:
intergenerational transmission; entrepreneurial behavior; gender homophily

Transmission factors	Authors/Year	Methods	Main results
Occupational and/or genetic inheritance	Nicolaou et al. (2008Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Hunkin, J., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54, 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0761 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0761... )	Structural equation modeling. They studied 870 pairs of homozygous twins and 857 pairs of dizygotic same-sex twins in the UK.	The authors found evidence that genetics is one of the factors that may contribute to the inheritance of entrepreneurial behavior.
Occupational and/or genetic inheritance	Colombier and Masclet (2008Colombier, N., & Masclet, D. (2008). Intergenerational correlation in self-employment: some further evidence from French ECHP data. Small Business Economics, 30(4), 423-437. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-007-9059-9 https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... )	Probit regression with random effects. French sample of 50,579 individuals, employees, and entrepreneurs, between the years 1994 and 2001.	Having entrepreneurial parents increases the likelihood that an individual will become an entrepreneur, where the effect of having an entrepreneurial father is 2.40, while that of having an entrepreneurial mother is 1.35.
Transmission factors	Authors/Year	Methods	Main results
Occupational and/or genetic inheritance	Nicolaou and Shane (2010Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2010). Entrepreneurship and occupational choice: Genetic and environmental influences. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1), 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.0... )	Structural equation modeling, for a sample of 347 homozygous and 303 dizygotic twins in the United States.	Evidence similar to that of Nicolaou et al. (2008Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Hunkin, J., Cherkas, L., & Spector, T. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54, 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0761 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0761... ) on the transmission of entrepreneurship between generations. However, they also found similar results for other professions, such as teachers, administrators, or salespeople.
Occupational and/or genetic inheritance	Lindquist et al. (2015Lindquist, M. J., Sol, J., & Van Praag, M. (2015). Why do entrepreneurial parents have entrepreneurial children? Journal of Labor Economics, 33(2), 269-296. https://doi.org/10.1086/678493 https://doi.org/10.1086/678493... )	Probit regression. Swedish database composed of 412,183 non-adopted people and 3,941 adopted people who lived in the country from the year 1961.	The influence of adoptive parents was twice that of biological parents in the case of adopted people.
Social learning	Chlosta et al. (2012Chlosta, S., Patzelt, H., Klein, S. B., & Dormann, C. (2012). Parental role models and the decision to become self-employed: The moderating effect of personality. Small Business Economics, 38(1), 121-138. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-010-9270-y https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... )	Probit regression, with a sample of 461 students from eight German universities.	Individuals who have entrepreneurial parents are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity, especially if the father is an entrepreneur or both parents are entrepreneurs. The influence of the mother is a little less.
	Wyrwich (2015Wyrwich, M. (2015). Entrepreneurship and the intergenerational transmission of values. Small Business Economics, 45(1), 191-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9649-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9649-... )	OLS, logistic and probit regressions with 974 entrepreneurs, 479 of whom grew up in East Germany and 495 in West Germany.	Individuals born to parents who grew up in unfavorable environments for entrepreneurship attributed greater value to entrepreneurial skills and a sense of overcoming challenges (mastery) as the main reason that led them to open their own business.
	Criaco et al. (2017Criaco, G., Sieger, P., Wennberg, K., Chirico, F., & Minola, T. (2017). Parents' performance in entrepreneurship as a “double-edged sword” for the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 49(4), 841-846. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-017-9854-x https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... )	Factor analysis and probit regression. Data is from 33 countries, and was collected in the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students Survey - GUESSS in the years 2013 and 2014. The sample consisted of 21,895 observations.	The results indicate that the parents’ business performance perceived by their children positively affects the probability of individuals opening businesses in the future, with the parameter being statistically significant at 1%, and ranging between 0.25 and 0.28.
The inspirational role of parents (role models) and gender homophily	Laspita et al. (2012Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S., & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.... )	Probit regression. Based on the GUESSS database, the sample included 43,764 students from 261 universities in 15 countries.	The results point to a positive and statistically significant influence on 1% of both parents and grandparents. However, when adding both variables, the grandparent effect decreases considerably.
	Hoffmann et al. (2015Hoffmann, A., Junge, M., & Malchow-Møller, N. (2015). Running in the family: Parental role models in entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-... )	Probit regression. The sample ranged from 343,571 individuals (in 1995) to 507,218 (in 2007).	The results indicate a twice-greater probability of a male individual who has an entrepreneurial father in relation to a woman with an entrepreneurial father. The same is true for women daughters of entrepreneurs.
	Moreno-Gómez et al. (2019Moreno-Gómez, J., Gómez-Araujo, E., & Castillo-De Andreis, R. (2019). Parental role models and entrepreneurial intentions in Colombia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2019-0048 https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2019-004... )	Logit model with a sample of 3,703 Colombian university students from GUESSS data.	The influence of parental models on children’s entrepreneurial behavior is moderated by gender, that is, the father’s model is more significant for men than for women, demonstrating the influence of homophilic gender networks in the family context.
	Hopp et al. (2019Hopp, C., Minarikova, D., & Speil, A. (2019). A chip off the old block? How parent-child interactions affect the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 11, e00130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-... )	Regression models, with over 2,500 parent-child pairs.	The greater the quality of the process of social interaction between parents and children, the greater the intensity of the parental model’s effect on the transmission of entrepreneurial intention.
	Staniewski and Awruk (2021Staniewski, M. W., & Awruk, K. (2021). Parental attitudes and entrepreneurship success. Journal of Business Research, 123, 538-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.1... )	Multiple regression and a sample of 64 entrepreneurs running successful businesses in Poland.	A potential determinant is the way in which parents convey information and principles to their children, as well as express their views and opinions, without judging or offering non-constructive criticism.
Transmission factors	Authors/Year	Methods	Main results
The inspirational role of parents (role models) and gender homophily	Moreno-Gómez et al. (2022Moreno-Gómez, J., Gómez-Araujo, E., Ferrer-Ortíz, D., & Pena-Ruiz, R. (2022). Gender perspective of parental role model influence on nascent entrepreneurs: Evidence from Colombia. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(1), 100156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.10... )	Logit model in a sample of 15,424 university students in Colombia.	The parental model impacts the decision to become a nascent entrepreneur, so the effect of this impact is moderated by gender. This effect is significant only in the case of the paternal model.
	Giménez-Nadal et al. (2022Giménez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., & Velilla, J. (2022). Intergenerational correlation of self-employment in Western Europe. Economic Modelling, 108, 105741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105741 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.1... )	OLS regressions, with 64,294 respondents (parents and offspring).	Transmission is mediated by the gender of the parental model and is especially important between parents and children. The transmission is partially explained by a country’s legal context for entrepreneurship and its entrepreneurial culture.

Variable	Description	Expected effect	Authors
Sex	Categorical variable, being assigned the value 1 for the male gender, and 0 for the female gender.	Male individuals will be more prone to entrepreneurship	Giannetti and Simonov (2009Giannetti, M., & Simonov, A. (2009). Social interactions and entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18(3), 665-709. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00226.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009... ), Falck et al. (2012Falck, O., Heblich, S., & Luedemann, E. (2012). Identity and entrepreneurship: do school peers shape entrepreneurial intentions? Small Business Economics, 39(1), 39-59. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9292-5 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9292-5... ), Lerner and Malmendier (2013Lerner, J., & Malmendier, U. (2013). With a little help from my (random) friends: Success and failure in post-business school entrepreneurship. The Review of Financial Studies, 26(10), 2411-2452. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht024 https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht024... ), and Andersson and Larson (2014Andersson, M., & Larsson, J. P. (2014). Local entrepreneurship clusters in cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 16(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu049 https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu049... ).
Age	Discrete variable, measured in years.	Non-linear, inverted U-shaped effect	Kautonen et al. (2014Kautonen, T., Down, S., & Minniti, M. (2014). Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences. Small Business Economics, 42(3), 579-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9489-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9489-... ), Minola et al. (2016Minola, T., Criaco, G., & Obschonka, M. (2016). Age, culture, and self-employment motivation. Small Business Economics, 46(2), 187-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9685-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9685-... ), and Laspita et al. (2012Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S., & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.... ).
Family income	Discrete variable, estimated in six distinct income brackets.	Positive effect
Marital status	Categorical variable, with a value of 1 being assigned to married individuals and 0 to other marital statuses.	Positive effect	Colombier and Masclet (2008Colombier, N., & Masclet, D. (2008). Intergenerational correlation in self-employment: some further evidence from French ECHP data. Small Business Economics, 30(4), 423-437. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-007-9059-9 https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... ), Chlosta et al. (2012Chlosta, S., Patzelt, H., Klein, S. B., & Dormann, C. (2012). Parental role models and the decision to become self-employed: The moderating effect of personality. Small Business Economics, 38(1), 121-138. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-010-9270-y https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... ), Lerner and Malmendier (2013Lerner, J., & Malmendier, U. (2013). With a little help from my (random) friends: Success and failure in post-business school entrepreneurship. The Review of Financial Studies, 26(10), 2411-2452. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht024 https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht024... ), and Hoffmann et al. (2015Hoffmann, A., Junge, M., & Malchow-Møller, N. (2015). Running in the family: Parental role models in entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9586-... )
Cognitive abilities	Continuous variable, measured by the IFRN entry grade.	Positive effect	Baron (2003Baron, R. A. (2003). Human resource management and entrepreneurship: Some reciprocal benefits of closer links. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 253-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00016-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00... ), Caliendo et al. (2012Caliendo, M., & Kritikos, A. (2012). Searching for the entrepreneurial personality: New evidence and avenues for further research. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 319-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.06.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.06... ), and Hartog et al. (2010Hartog, J., Van Praag, M., & Van Der Sluis, J. (2010). If you are so smart, why aren't you an entrepreneur? Returns to cognitive and social ability: Entrepreneurs versus employees. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 19(4), 947-989. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00274.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010... ).
Management	Categorical variable, with a value of 1 being assigned to courses in the management and business axis, and 0 to other training courses.	Positive effect	Laspita et al. (2012Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S., & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.... ), Peterman and Kennedy (2003Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students' perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003.00035.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6520.2003... ), and Souitaris et al. (2007Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.... ).
Natal	Categorical variable, with the value 1 being assigned to individuals from the campuses of the capital of Rio Grande do Norte.	Positive effect	-
Frequency	Continuous variable, measured in percentage, representing the absolute frequency of each student.	Positive effect	-
Shift	Categorical variable, with the value 1 being assigned to individuals who study during the day shifts.	Positive effect	-

Variables	Obs.	Mean	Standard deviation	Min.	Max.
Entrepreneur	10,889	0.133	0.340	0	1
MotherEnt	10,889	0.0818	0.274	0	1
FatherEnt	10,889	0.125	0.330	0	1
Coefficient Yield	10,889	78.14	6.99	60.05	100
Income	10,889	3.360	1.384	0	7
Gender	10,889	0.569	0.495	0	1
City of Natal	10,889	0.746	0.435	0	1
Nocturnal	10,889	0.239	0.427	0	1
Management	10,889	0.0190	0.137	0	1
FatherEntClass	10,889	2.879	1.865	0	9
MotherEntClass	10,889	1.878	1.609	0	12
EntClass	10,889	3.055	1.917	0	9
Studentsclass	10,889	23.01	6.728	10	42
%EntClass	10,889	0.133	0.0791	0	0.500
%MotherEntClass	10,889	0.0818	0.0679	0	0.400
%FatherEntClass	10,889	0.125	0.0758	0	0.500

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
FatherEnt	0.189***	0.190***	0.190***	0.190***	0.190***
	(0.0104)	(0.0101)	(0.0101)	(0.0101)	(0.0101)
MotherEnt	0.163***	0.164***	0.164***	0.164***	0.164***
	(0.0125)	(0.0123)	(0.0122)	(0.0122)	(0.0122)
MaleSex	0.0302***	0.0298***	0.0282***	0.0288***	0.0286***
	(0.00920)	(0.00899)	(0.00888)	(0.00887)	(0.00885)
City of Natal	-0.00488	-0.00140	-0.00102	-0.00192	-0.00144
	(0.0198)	(0.0166)	(0.0166)	(0.0166)	(0.0166)
Family_income	0.00193	0.00372	0.00423	0.00425	0.00447
	(0.00318)	(0.00312)	(0.00310)	(0.00310)	(0.00310)
Nocturnal	-0.00343	-0.00144	-0.00297	-0.00158	-0.00168
	(0.0106)	(0.0105)	(0.0104)	(0.0103)	(0.0103)
Management	0.0214	0.0170	0.0188	0.0243
	(0.0271)	(0.0273)	(0.0274)	(0.0270)
N_children	0.0144	0.0144	0.0139
	(0.00963)	(0.00947)	(0.00950)
C_income	0.00110**	0.000624
	(0.000512)	(0.000454)
P_frequency	-0.000115
	(0.000646)
Correct Classifications	86.63%	86.46%	86.46%	86.48%	87.23%
Observations	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
1.Father#Man	0.268***	0.268***	0.269***	0.268***	0.268***
	(0.0194)	(0.0194)	(0.0194)	(0.0194)	(0.0194)
1.Mother#Woman	0.220***	0.220***	0.220***	0.220***	0.220***
	(0.0216)	(0.0215)	(0.0215)	(0.0216)	(0.0216)
Family_income	0.00210	0.00224	0.00216	0.00206	0.00217
	(0.00321)	(0.00321)	(0.00319)	(0.00318)	(0.00318)
C_income	0.00111**	0.00113**	0.00114**	0.00114**	0.00112**
	(0.000512)	(0.000511)	(0.000509)	(0.000508)	(0.000508)
P_frequency	-0.00112	-0.00113*	-0.00112*	-0.00112*	-0.00115*
	(0.000680)	(0.000679)	(0.000679)	(0.000679)	(0.000679)
N_children	0.0146	0.0153*	0.0151*	0.0152*
	(0.00904)	(0.00896)	(0.00893)	(0.00893)
Natal	-0.00555	-0.00516	-0.00543
	(0.0192)	(0.0192)	(0.0192)
Nocturnal	-0.00326	-0.00335
	(0.0105)	(0.0105)
Management	0.0184
	(0.0287)
Correct Classifications	86.65%	86.62%	86.62%	86.63%	86.48%
Observations	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5

Father	0.973***	0.972***	0.972***	0.969***	0.970***
	(0.0558)	(0.0544)	(0.0543)	(0.0543)	(0.0543)
Mother	0.837***	0.841***	0.840***	0.840***	0.840***
	(0.0653)	(0.0640)	(0.0639)	(0.0638)	(0.0638)
Sex	0.155***	0.153***	0.144***	0.147***	0.145***
	(0.0472)	(0.0459)	(0.0453)	(0.0452)	(0.0450)
Natal	-0.0251	-0.00717	-0.00523	-0.00980	-0.00800
	(0.102)	(0.0850)	(0.0850)	(0.0850)	(0.0847)
Family_income	0.00995	0.0190	0.0216	0.0217	0.0226
	(0.0163)	(0.0160)	(0.0158)	(0.0158)	(0.0158)
Nocturnal	-0.0177	-0.00736	-0.0152	-0.00807
	(0.0547)	(0.0536)	(0.0532)	(0.0529)
Management	0.110	0.0871	0.0960	0.124
	(0.139)	(0.140)	(0.140)	(0.138)
N_children	0.0739	0.0739	0.0712
	(0.0495)	(0.0485)	(0.0486)
C_income	0.00566** (0.00263)	0.00319 (0.00232)
P_frequency	-0.00590* (0.00332)
Constant	-1.360***	-1.768***	-1.529***	-1.523***	-1.526***
	(0.325)	(0.196)	(0.0942)	(0.0942)	(0.0944)

Observations	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889	10,889

ANPAD - Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração Av. Pedro Taques, 294, 87030-008 - Maringá, PR, Brazil, Tel.: (+55) (44) 98826-2467 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: bar@anpad.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS