Sessile ciliates on artificial substrata submerged in a polluted estuary (Santos, SP, Brazil)

Eston, Verena Rapp de

doi:10.1590/S0373-55241985000100007

Abstract

Primary growth was analysed on artificial substrata submerged at three sites of the Santos estuary (State of São Paulo, Brazil). Research on sessile ciliates was emphasized because they were the most conspicuous organisms of the primary growth developed along this estuary. Zoothamnium commune, dominated near the headwaters of the estuary, where the greatest amount of suspended matter in the water was found. Ephelota gemmipara dominated downstream. Although short time variability was observed in the colonization of substrata submerged on subsequent days, seasonal patterns could be determined. These patterns were characterized by a greater number of rare species of sessile ciliates, and a higher density of the most frequent ones, during spring and summer.

Periphyton; Artificial substrata; Estuaries; Pollution; Sessile ciliates; Ciliata; Santos; Southern Brazilian coast; Santos

ARTIGOS

Sessile ciliates on artificial substrata submerged in a polluted estuary (Santos, SP, Brazil)

Verena Rapp de Eston

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo

SYNOPSIS

Primary growth was analysed on artificial substrata submerged at three sites of the Santos estuary (State of São Paulo, Brazil). Research on sessile ciliates was emphasized because they were the most conspicuous organisms of the primary growth developed along this estuary. Zoothamnium commune, dominated near the headwaters of the estuary, where the greatest amount of suspended matter in the water was found. Ephelota gemmipara dominated downstream. Although short time variability was observed in the colonization of substrata submerged on subsequent days, seasonal patterns could be determined. These patterns were characterized by a greater number of rare species of sessile ciliates, and a higher density of the most frequent ones, during spring and summer.

Descriptors: Periphyton, Artificial substrata, Estuaries, Pollution, Sessile ciliates, Ciliata, Santos-SP, Southern Brazilian coast.

Descritores: Perifiton, Substratos artificiais, Estuários, Poluição, Ciliados sésseis, Ciliata, Santos-SP, Costa sul-Brasil.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Acknowledgements

This paper is based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Biological Oceanography at the "Instituto Oceanográfico" of the University of São Paulo. I wish to acknowledge Luiz A. Zavala-Camin who provided laboratory space and facilities in Santos at the "Divisão de Pesca Maritima" of the "Instituto de Pesca da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo" as well as the Fire-Brigade of Santos, for boat facilities. This research was possible thanks to FAPESP (Proc. nº 1118/77) and CAPES fellowships.

(Received 03-Jul-1984; accepted 07-May-1985)

BASTIDA, R. 1968. Las incrustaciones biologicas en el Puerto de Mar del Plata, período 1966/67 (1Ş parte). La Plata, Laboratorio de Ensayo de Materiales e Investigaciones de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 68 p.
BICK, H. 1972. Ciliated protozoa: an illustrated guide to the species used as biological indicators in freshwater biology. Geneva, W. H.C., 198 p.
______ 1973. Population dynamic of protozoa associated with decay of organic materials in fresh water. Am. Zool., 13:149-160.
BORROR, A. C. 1975. Environmental requirements of selected estuarine ciliated protozoa. Corvallis, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 49 p.
BURBANCK, W. D. & SPOON, D. M. 1967. The use of sessile ciliates collected in plastic Petri dishes for rapid assessment of water pollution. J. Protozool., 14:739-744.
CAIRNS Jr, J.;KUHN, D. K. L. & PLAFKIN, J. L. 1978. Protozoan colonization of artificial substrates. In: Weitzel, R. L., ed. Methods and measurements of periphyton commuties: a review. Philadelphia, ASTM, p. 34-57.
CORLISS, J. O. 1973. Protozoan ecology: a note on its current status. Am. Zool., 13:145-148.
CURDS, C. R. 1969. An illustrated key to the British freshwater ciliated protozoa commonly found in activated sludge. Wat. Pollut. Res., 12:1-90.
DAVIS, J. C. 1973. Statistics and data analysis in geology. New York, John Wiley, 55 p.
DRAGESCO, J. 1962. Capture et ingestion des proies chez les infusoires ciliés. Bull, biol. Fr. Belg., 96:123-167.
ESTON, V. R. de 1981. Recobrimento primário de substratos artificiais submersos no estuário de Santos (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Dissertação de mestrado. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 116 p.
FAURÉ-FREMIET, E. 1961. Documents et observations écologiques et pratiques sur la culture des infusoires cilies. Hydrobiologia, 18:300-320.
FENCHEL, T. 1969. The ecology of marine microbenthos. IV - Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special references to the ciliated protozoa. Ophelia, 6:1-182.
FINLEY, H. E. 1974. The peritrichs now and then: 1676 to 1973. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 93:307-313.
GENOVESE, S. & GANGEMI, G. 1966. Primo contributo alio studio de forme fissate su vetrini immersi in un ambiente salmastro meromittico. Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 12:509-519.
GOLDENSTEIN, L. 1972. A industrialização da Baixada Santista: estudo de um centro industrial satélite. Sér. Teses Monogr., Inst. Geogr. Univ. S Paulo, 7:1-342.
GRASSLE, J. F. & SMITH, W. 1976. A similarity measure sensitive to the contribution of the rare species and its use in investigation of variation in marine benthic communities. Oecologia, 25:13-22.
GRELL, K. G. 1973. Protozoology. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 554 p.
HENEBRY, M. S. & CAIRNS Jr, J. 1980. Monitoring of stream pollution using protozoan communities on artificial substrates. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 99:151-160.
______ & RIDGEWAY, B. T. 1979. Epizoic ciliated protozoa of planktonic copepods and cladocerans and their possible use as indicators of organic pollution. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 98:495-508.
HEULEKIAN, H. & CROSBY, E. S. 1956. Slime formation in polluted waters. III - Nature and composition of slimes. Sewage ind. Wastes, 28:206-210.
KAHL, A. 1935. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I- Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria), eine Bearbeitung der freilebendem und ectocommensalen Infusorien der Erde, unter Ausschluss der marinen Tintinnidae. Tierwelt Dtl., 30:651-805.
MARCUS, M, D, 1980. Periphytic community response to chronic nutrient enrichment by a reservoir discharge. Ecology, 61:387-399.
PARRISH, L. P. & LUCAS, A. M. 1970. The effects of wastewaters on periphyton growths in the Missouri river. Cincinnati, U.S.F.W.P,C.A. Nat'l Field Investigation Center, 26 p.
PATRICK, R.; HOHN, M. H. & WALLACE, J. H. 1954. A new method for determining the pattern of the diatom flora. Notul. Nat., 259:1-12.
PERSOONE, G. 1968. Ecologie des infusoires dans les salissures de substrats immerges dans un port de mer. I- Le film primaire et le recouvrement primaire. Protistologica, 4:187-194.
______ 1971. Ecology of fouling of submerged surfaces in a polluted harbor. Vie Milieu, 22 (suppl. 2): 613-639.
REID, R. 1969. Fluctuations in populations of 3 Vorticella species from an activated-sludge sewage plant. J. Protozool., 16:103-111.
RELINI, G.; MONTANARY, M.; VIALE, S. & PISANO, E. 1976. Prime fasi de insediamento su substrati duri immersi in acque del porto di Genova a diverso grado de inquinamento. Archo Oceanogr. Limnol., 18(suppl. 3): 113-140.
SCHOENER, A. 1974. Colonization curves for planar marine islands. Ecology, 55:818-827.
SLÁDECKOVÁ, A. 1962. Limnological investigation methods for the periphyton ("Aufwuchs") community. Bot. Rev., 28:286-350.
SMALL, E. B. 1973. A study of ciliate protozoa from a small polluted stream in east-central Illinois. Am. Zool., 13:225-230.
SNEATH, P. H. A. & SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. San Francisco, W. H, Freeman, 573 p.
STOUT, J. D. 1956. Reaction of ciliates to environmental factors. Ecology, 37:178-191.
SUTHERLAND, J. P. & KARLSON, R. H. 1977. Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr., 47:425-446.
TAYLOR, W. D. 1978. Growth responses of ciliates to the density of their bacterial prey. Microb. Ecol., 4:207-214.
______ 1979. Sampling data on the bactivorous ciliates of a small pond compared to neutral models of community structure. Ecology, 60:876-883.
______ & BERGER, J. 1976. Growth responses of cohabiting ciliate protozoa to various prey bacteria. Can. J. Zool., 54:1111-1114.
TOMMASI, L. R. 1979. Considerações ecológicas sobre o sistema estuarino de Santos (SP). Tese de livre-docência. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 489 p.
WEBB, M. 1956. An ecological study of brackish water ciliates. J. Anim. Ecol., 25:148-175.
WILBERT, N. 1969. Ökologische Untersuchung der Aufwuchs und Plankton-ciliaten eines eutrophen Weihers. Arch. Hydrobiol., (Suppl. 35):411-518.
______ & KAHAN, D. 1981. Ciliates of Solar Lake on the Red Sea shore. Arch. Protistenk., 124:70-95.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
01 June 2012
Date of issue
1985

History

Accepted
07 May 1985
Received
03 July 1984

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] BASTIDA, R. 1968. Las incrustaciones biologicas en el Puerto de Mar del Plata, período 1966/67 (1Ş parte). La Plata, Laboratorio de Ensayo de Materiales e Investigaciones de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 68 p.

[2] BICK, H. 1972. Ciliated protozoa: an illustrated guide to the species used as biological indicators in freshwater biology. Geneva, W. H.C., 198 p.

[3] ______ 1973. Population dynamic of protozoa associated with decay of organic materials in fresh water. Am. Zool., 13:149-160.

[4] BORROR, A. C. 1975. Environmental requirements of selected estuarine ciliated protozoa. Corvallis, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 49 p.

[5] BURBANCK, W. D. & SPOON, D. M. 1967. The use of sessile ciliates collected in plastic Petri dishes for rapid assessment of water pollution. J. Protozool., 14:739-744.

[6] CAIRNS Jr, J.;KUHN, D. K. L. & PLAFKIN, J. L. 1978. Protozoan colonization of artificial substrates. In: Weitzel, R. L., ed. Methods and measurements of periphyton commuties: a review. Philadelphia, ASTM, p. 34-57.

[7] CORLISS, J. O. 1973. Protozoan ecology: a note on its current status. Am. Zool., 13:145-148.

[8] CURDS, C. R. 1969. An illustrated key to the British freshwater ciliated protozoa commonly found in activated sludge. Wat. Pollut. Res., 12:1-90.

[9] DAVIS, J. C. 1973. Statistics and data analysis in geology. New York, John Wiley, 55 p.

[10] DRAGESCO, J. 1962. Capture et ingestion des proies chez les infusoires ciliés. Bull, biol. Fr. Belg., 96:123-167.

[11] ESTON, V. R. de 1981. Recobrimento primário de substratos artificiais submersos no estuário de Santos (Sao Paulo, Brasil). Dissertação de mestrado. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 116 p.

[12] FAURÉ-FREMIET, E. 1961. Documents et observations écologiques et pratiques sur la culture des infusoires cilies. Hydrobiologia, 18:300-320.

[13] FENCHEL, T. 1969. The ecology of marine microbenthos. IV - Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special references to the ciliated protozoa. Ophelia, 6:1-182.

[14] FINLEY, H. E. 1974. The peritrichs now and then: 1676 to 1973. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 93:307-313.

[15] GENOVESE, S. & GANGEMI, G. 1966. Primo contributo alio studio de forme fissate su vetrini immersi in un ambiente salmastro meromittico. Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 12:509-519.

[16] GOLDENSTEIN, L. 1972. A industrialização da Baixada Santista: estudo de um centro industrial satélite. Sér. Teses Monogr., Inst. Geogr. Univ. S Paulo, 7:1-342.

[17] GRASSLE, J. F. & SMITH, W. 1976. A similarity measure sensitive to the contribution of the rare species and its use in investigation of variation in marine benthic communities. Oecologia, 25:13-22.

[18] GRELL, K. G. 1973. Protozoology. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 554 p.

[19] HENEBRY, M. S. & CAIRNS Jr, J. 1980. Monitoring of stream pollution using protozoan communities on artificial substrates. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 99:151-160.

[20] ______ & RIDGEWAY, B. T. 1979. Epizoic ciliated protozoa of planktonic copepods and cladocerans and their possible use as indicators of organic pollution. Trans. Am. micros. Soc., 98:495-508.

[21] HEULEKIAN, H. & CROSBY, E. S. 1956. Slime formation in polluted waters. III - Nature and composition of slimes. Sewage ind. Wastes, 28:206-210.

[22] KAHL, A. 1935. Urtiere oder Protozoa. I- Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria), eine Bearbeitung der freilebendem und ectocommensalen Infusorien der Erde, unter Ausschluss der marinen Tintinnidae. Tierwelt Dtl., 30:651-805.

[23] MARCUS, M, D, 1980. Periphytic community response to chronic nutrient enrichment by a reservoir discharge. Ecology, 61:387-399.

[24] PARRISH, L. P. & LUCAS, A. M. 1970. The effects of wastewaters on periphyton growths in the Missouri river. Cincinnati, U.S.F.W.P,C.A. Nat'l Field Investigation Center, 26 p.

[25] PATRICK, R.; HOHN, M. H. & WALLACE, J. H. 1954. A new method for determining the pattern of the diatom flora. Notul. Nat., 259:1-12.

[26] PERSOONE, G. 1968. Ecologie des infusoires dans les salissures de substrats immerges dans un port de mer. I- Le film primaire et le recouvrement primaire. Protistologica, 4:187-194.

[27] ______ 1971. Ecology of fouling of submerged surfaces in a polluted harbor. Vie Milieu, 22 (suppl. 2): 613-639.

[28] REID, R. 1969. Fluctuations in populations of 3 Vorticella species from an activated-sludge sewage plant. J. Protozool., 16:103-111.

[29] RELINI, G.; MONTANARY, M.; VIALE, S. & PISANO, E. 1976. Prime fasi de insediamento su substrati duri immersi in acque del porto di Genova a diverso grado de inquinamento. Archo Oceanogr. Limnol., 18(suppl. 3): 113-140.

[30] SCHOENER, A. 1974. Colonization curves for planar marine islands. Ecology, 55:818-827.

[31] SLÁDECKOVÁ, A. 1962. Limnological investigation methods for the periphyton ("Aufwuchs") community. Bot. Rev., 28:286-350.

[32] SMALL, E. B. 1973. A study of ciliate protozoa from a small polluted stream in east-central Illinois. Am. Zool., 13:225-230.

[33] SNEATH, P. H. A. & SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. San Francisco, W. H, Freeman, 573 p.

[34] STOUT, J. D. 1956. Reaction of ciliates to environmental factors. Ecology, 37:178-191.

[35] SUTHERLAND, J. P. & KARLSON, R. H. 1977. Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr., 47:425-446.

[36] TAYLOR, W. D. 1978. Growth responses of ciliates to the density of their bacterial prey. Microb. Ecol., 4:207-214.

[37] ______ 1979. Sampling data on the bactivorous ciliates of a small pond compared to neutral models of community structure. Ecology, 60:876-883.

[38] ______ & BERGER, J. 1976. Growth responses of cohabiting ciliate protozoa to various prey bacteria. Can. J. Zool., 54:1111-1114.

[39] TOMMASI, L. R. 1979. Considerações ecológicas sobre o sistema estuarino de Santos (SP). Tese de livre-docência. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 489 p.

[40] WEBB, M. 1956. An ecological study of brackish water ciliates. J. Anim. Ecol., 25:148-175.

[41] WILBERT, N. 1969. Ökologische Untersuchung der Aufwuchs und Plankton-ciliaten eines eutrophen Weihers. Arch. Hydrobiol., (Suppl. 35):411-518.

[42] ______ & KAHAN, D. 1981. Ciliates of Solar Lake on the Red Sea shore. Arch. Protistenk., 124:70-95.