Acessibilidade / Reportar erro
• Bol. Inst. Oceanogr. 4 (1-2) • Dez 1953 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241953000100004   copiar

Alimentação de Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard): (Pisces - Mugiloidei - Atherinidæ)

Resumo

This work is based on the study of 12 samples of specimens of Peixe-Rei, Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard), that were caught, one sample per month, in the waters in front of the Base that the Institute maintains in Cananéia, in the south coast of S. Paulo State. Of the total catch 240 specimens were separated, that is, 20 specimens each month, and the gastro-intestinal contents were studied. As per page 134 the principal components found were the following, by order of importance: 1) Vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus; 2) Crustacea; 3) Fishes; 4) Several Algæ; 5) Insecta; 6) Mollusca; 7) Protozoa and 8) Worms. Sand was computed in some extent, the percentage of amorphic matter completely digested and not liable of determination being relatively low. The author expends his opinions about each one of the components found presenting in one table and two graphs their mean relative frequency. This mean relative frequency was found to be very irregular. A conclusion is drawn that the species is a great consumer of vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus, which were, otherwise, prominently found in all planctonic collections made at the same period, in the same region. In second place are the crustacea, mainly represented by Copepoda and the occurrence, although not very frequent, of a few young and adult shrimps from the genus Peneus (P. schmitti Burkenroad?). The more or less sporadic appearance of Crangon sp., C. armillatus, Palæmonetes (Paleander) northropi and Periclemenes sp. is also recorded. Besides a few Isopoda probably swallowed together with their hosts, some Amphipoda and Tainaidacea were found although in small quantities. A few samples showed substantial quantities of Cypris of Cirripedia, evidently from the genera Balanus and Cthamalus commonly found in the region. Fish remains were abundant only during two months, being scarce the rest of the time. Greater occurrence of specimens belonging to the genus Xenomelaniris was evident, showing that the school's individuals devour each other. Although monocellular algæ were always very abundantly found in the plancton collections made during the period under study, their mean frequency in the stomach contents never reached a high mark. Concerning the species under study it is therefore not possible to apply the usual conception of researchers that "all fish is diatoms". The average frequency of Insecta, Mollusca, Protozoa and Worms in general was also found to be very low. Insecta seem to happen only by accident their ingestion occurring probably while fluttering about on the water surface; in relation to Hemiptera the author believes that these were draggled together with stems of dry vegetais swept out by the tides movements from the mangrove margin. Mollusca and Protozoa were always very rare. Regarding worms only a few Polichæta may have been ingested intentionally. The Nematoda and Trematoda occasionally found are evidently endo-parasits of the species itself or from any other that may have been ingested. Xenomelaniris brasiliensis is therefore an omnivorous species, great consumer of vegetal detritus, which is, certainly, a character that typifies very well the group to which belong the other components of sub-order Mugiloidei.

Alimentação de Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard) - (Pisces - Mugiloidei - Atherinidæ)

J. de Paiva Carvalho* (* ) - Trabalho executado sob os auspícios do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, do Rio de Janeiro.

SUMMARY

This work is based on the study of 12 samples of specimens of Peixe-Rei, Xenomelaniris brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard), that were caught, one sample per month, in the waters in front of the Base that the Institute maintains in Cananéia, in the south coast of S. Paulo State. Of the total catch 240 specimens were separated, that is, 20 specimens each month, and the gastro-intestinal contents were studied.

As per page 134 the principal components found were the following, by order of importance: 1) Vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus; 2) Crustacea; 3) Fishes; 4) Several Algæ; 5) Insecta; 6) Mollusca; 7) Protozoa and 8) Worms. Sand was computed in some extent, the percentage of amorphic matter completely digested and not liable of determination being relatively low. The author expends his opinions about each one of the components found presenting in one table and two graphs their mean relative frequency. This mean relative frequency was found to be very irregular. A conclusion is drawn that the species is a great consumer of vegetal organic matter and vegetal detritus, which were, otherwise, prominently found in all planctonic collections made at the same period, in the same region. In second place are the crustacea, mainly represented by Copepoda and the occurrence, although not very frequent, of a few young and adult shrimps from the genus Peneus (P. schmitti Burkenroad?). The more or less sporadic appearance of Crangon sp., C. armillatus, Palæmonetes (Paleander) northropi and Periclemenes sp. is also recorded. Besides a few Isopoda probably swallowed together with their hosts, some Amphipoda and Tainaidacea were found although in small quantities. A few samples showed substantial quantities of Cypris of Cirripedia, evidently from the genera Balanus and Cthamalus commonly found in the region.

Fish remains were abundant only during two months, being scarce the rest of the time. Greater occurrence of specimens belonging to the genus Xenomelaniris was evident, showing that the school's individuals devour each other.

Although monocellular algæ were always very abundantly found in the plancton collections made during the period under study, their mean frequency in the stomach contents never reached a high mark. Concerning the species under study it is therefore not possible to apply the usual conception of researchers that "all fish is diatoms".

The average frequency of Insecta, Mollusca, Protozoa and Worms in general was also found to be very low. Insecta seem to happen only by accident their ingestion occurring probably while fluttering about on the water surface; in relation to Hemiptera the author believes that these were draggled together with stems of dry vegetais swept out by the tides movements from the mangrove margin. Mollusca and Protozoa were always very rare. Regarding worms only a few Polichæta may have been ingested intentionally. The Nematoda and Trematoda occasionally found are evidently endo-parasits of the species itself or from any other that may have been ingested.

Xenomelaniris brasiliensis is therefore an omnivorous species, great consumer of vegetal detritus, which is, certainly, a character that typifies very well the group to which belong the other components of sub-order Mugiloidei.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

  • AZEVEDO, P., DE 1938. Da biologia dos Peixes Nordestinos (Fragmento Biocenótico). Livro Jubilar Prof. Travassos, p. 51-61.
  • AZEVEDO, P., DE 1938a O Cascudo dos açudes nordestinos Plecostomus plecostomus. Arq. Inst. Biol. S. Paulo, vol. 9, p. 211-224, est. 24.
  • AZEVEDO, P., DE DIAS, M. V., & VIEIRA, B. 1938. Biologia do saguirú (Characidæ, Curimatinæ). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 33, fasc. 4, p. 481-553, est. I-III
  • BERNARD, F. 1952. Fertilité marine et nanoplancton. Recherches récentes et programme futur en Mediterranée occidentale. Océanographie Méditerranéenne. Journées d'études du Laboratoire Arago. Supp. n.ş 2, "Vie et Milieu", p. 60-71.
  • BOWERS, A. B., & WILLIAMSON, D. I. 1951. Food of larval and early post-larval stages of autumns-spawned herring in Manx waters. Ann. Rept. for 1950, n.ş 63. Mar. Biol. Station at Port Erin, Isle of Man, p. 17-26.
  • CARVALHO, J. DE P. 1940. Notas planctonológicas I. Crustáceos (Copepoda). Rev. Ind. Animal, N. S., n.ş 123, vol. 3, n.ş 4, p. 51-70, est. I-III
  • CARVALHO, J. DE P. 1943. Nota preliminar sobre a fauna ictiológica do litoral sul do E. de S. Paulo. Bol. Ind. Animal, n.ş 158, p. 27-81.
  • COWLES, R. P. 1930. A biological study of the offshore waters of Chesapeake bay. Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. XLVI, Doc. n.ş 1.091, p. 277-381.
  • EIGENMANN, C. H. 1912. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping species and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. V, fasc. 1, 1+578, pls. I-CIII.
  • FISH, C. J. 1925. Seasonal distribution of the plankton of the Woods Hole region. Bull. Bur. Fisheries, vol. XLI, p. 1-179.
  • HILDEBRAND, S. F. 1940. Characteristics of marine fishes, in Tressler, D. K. Marine Products of Commerce. Chapt. 11, p. 200-226. 22 fig.
  • HOLLIS, E. H. 1952. Variations in the feeding habits of the Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum) in Chesapeake Bay. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. vol. XIV, p. 111-131.
  • HUBBS, C. L., & WISNER, R. L. 1953. Food of Marlin in 1951 off San Diego, California. Fish and Game, vol. 39, n.ş 1, p. 127-131.
  • HUNT, O. D. 1923-1925. The food of the bottom fauna of the Plymouth fishing grounds. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., U. K., vol. XII (N.S.), p. 560-599, pl. I-II
  • IHERING, R. VON & AZEVEDO, P. DE 1934. A Curimatã dos açudes nordestinos. Arq. Inst. Biol. S. Paulo, vol. 5, p. 143-184, est. 4-9.
  • LEBOUR, M. V. 1919-1922. The food of young fishes. N.ş 3 (1919). Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., vol. XII (N.S.), p. 261-324.
  • LEBOUR, M. V. 1933. The importance of larval Mollusca in the plankton. Journ. du Conseil, vol. VIII, n.ş 3, p. 335-343.
  • MAGALHÃES, A. C. DE 1931. Monografia Brasileira de Peixes Fluviais, p. 1-262, 120 figs.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE & MENEZES, M. F. 1946. Notas sobre o regime alimentar de algumas espécies ictiológicas de água doce do Nordeste. Rev. Bras. Biol., vol. 6, fasc. 4, p. 537-542.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE & MENEZES, M. F. 1948. Alimentação de "Graviola" Pladydoras costatus (Linnæus) da lagoa de Nazaré, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Doradidæ). Rev. Bras. Biol., vol. 8, fasc. 2, p. 255-260.
  • MENEZES, R. S., & SILVA, S. L. DE O. E 1949. Alimentação de Cacunda, Rboides prognathus (Boulenger), da baía do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Characidæ, Characinæ) Rev. Bras. Biol. vol. 9, fasc. 2, p. 235-239.
  • MENEZES, R. S., & SILVA, S. L. DE O. E 1949a. Alimentação do Voador, Hemiodus parnaguæ Eigenmann & Henn, da bacia do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Characidæ, Hemiodontinæ). Rev. Bras. Biol., vol. 9, fasc. 2, p. 241-245.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE 1949. Alimentação do Mandí Bicudo, Hassar affinis (Steindachner), da bacia do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Doradidæ, Doradinæ). Rev. Bras. Biol, vol. 19, fasc. 1, p. 93-96.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE 1949a. Alimentação de Carí Chicote, Loricaria typus Bleeker, da bacia do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Loricariidæ, Loricariinæ) Rev. Bras. Biol., vol. 9, fasc. 4, p. 479-484.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE 1949b. Alimentação do Peixe Gato, Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix), da bacia do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Doradidæ, Auchenipterinæ). Rev. Bras. Biol, vol. 9, fasc. 4, p. 489-495.
  • MENEZES, R. S., DE 1950. Alimentação do Peixe Cachorro, Lycengraulis barbouri Hildebrand 1943, da bacia do rio Parnaíba, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Engraulidæ). Rev. Bras. Biol, vol. 10, fasc. 3, p. 285-293.
  • MORROW, J. E. 1952. Food of the Striped Marlin, Makaira mitsukurii, from New Zealand. Copeia, n.ş 3, p. 143-145.
  • MURPHY, H. E. 1923. The life cycle of Oithona nana, reared experimentally. Univ. Cal. Publ. in Zoology, vol. 23, n.ş 13, p. 449-454, 5 fig.
  • OLSEN, Y. H., & MERRIMAN, D 1946. Studies on the marine resources of southern New England. IV. The Biology and Economic importance of the Ocean Put, Macrozoarces americanus (Bloch & Schneider). Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. IX, art. 4 and 5, p. 1-221, pl. I-X.
  • PLANAS, A., & VIVES, F. 1952. Contribución al estudio de la Móllera Gadus minutus L., del Mediterraneo occidental (Sectores de Vinaroz e Islas Columbretes). Publ. Inst. Biol. Aplicada, vol. X, p. 151-181.
  • RIBEIRO, A. DE M. 1911. Fauna Brasiliense. Peixes IV (Eleutherobranchios Aspirophoros). Arch. Mus. Nac. R. de Janeiro, vol. XVI, p. 1-504.
  • RIMSKY-KORSAKOFF, V. N. 1930. A Biological survey of the Champlain Waterhead. III. The Food of certain fishes of the lake Champlain Waterhead. State of New York Conservation Dep. Ann. Rept. 1929, p. 88-90, tab. I-V.
  • SILVA, S. L. DE O. E & MENEZES, R. S. DE 1950. Alimentação da Curvina Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840), da lagoa de Nazaré, Piauí (Actinopterygii, Scisenidæ). Rev. Bras. Biol., vol. 10, fasc. 2, p. 257-264.
  • STARKS, E. C. 1913. The fishes of the Stanford Exp. to Brazil. Stanford Univ. Ser., p. 1-77, pl. I-XV.
  • STEBBING, T. R. R. 1906. Amphipoda I. Gammaridea. Das Tierreichs, 21. Lieferung Crustacea i-XXXIX + 806 p. 127 figs.
  • STEUER, A. 1910. Planktonkunde, p. 1-723, 365 figs. est. I.
  • WAILES, G. H. 1934-35. Food of Clupea pallasii in southern British Columbia waters. Jour. Biol. Board of Canada, vol. I, p. 477-486.
  • WALSHE, B. M. 1951. The feeding habits of certain chironomid larvar (subfamily Tendipedinæ). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 21, Part. I, p. 63-79.
  • (*
    ) - Trabalho executado sob os auspícios do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, do Rio de Janeiro.

    • Datas de Publicação

    • Publicação nesta coleção
      15 Jun 2012
    • Data do Fascículo
      Dez 1953
    Creative Common - by-nc 4.0
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
    Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091 6513, Fax: (55 11) 3032 3092 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
    E-mail: amspires@usp.br
    Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS