Alguns aspectos metodológicos da medida da excreção de matéria orgânica pelo fitoplâncton por espectrometria de cintilação líquida

Vieira, Armando A. H; Aidar-Aragão, Elizabeth

doi:10.1590/S0373-55241982000100004

Resumo

Some aspects of the procedures to measure dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by phytoplankton account for important sources of errors. These aspects include: cell damage upon filtration of samples, residual inorganic 14C in the filtrates, NaH14CO3 ampoule contaminations and the low radiation activity proper to the released samples. Some experiments on these procedural problems were carried out and their effects on the released DOM were evaluated. A procedure to use control samples to avoid errors in the technique of DOM analysis by the liquid cintillation counter is described. Experiments on the validity of stocking preserved filtrates of natural plankton populations and algal cultures were also carried out for long periods prior to the radioactivity measurements.

ARTIGOS

Alguns aspectos metodológicos da medida da excreção de matéria orgânica pelo fitoplâncton por espectrometria de cintilação líquida^* * Trabalho realizado no Instituto Oceanográfico da U.S.P. com suporte financeiro da FINEP.

Some aspects of liquid scintillation spectrometric procedures to measure dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton

Armando A. H. Vieira^I; Elizabeth Aidar-Aragão^II

^IDepartamento de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos

^IIInstituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo

SYNOPSIS

Some aspects of the procedures to measure dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by phytoplankton account for important sources of errors. These aspects include: cell damage upon filtration of samples, residual inorganic ¹⁴C in the filtrates, NaH¹⁴CO₃ ampoule contaminations and the low radiation activity proper to the released samples. Some experiments on these procedural problems were carried out and their effects on the released DOM were evaluated. A procedure to use control samples to avoid errors in the technique of DOM analysis by the liquid cintillation counter is described. Experiments on the validity of stocking preserved filtrates of natural plankton populations and algal cultures were also carried out for long periods prior to the radioactivity measurements.

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Agradecimentos

Os autores agradecem ao MSc Carlos Henrique Mesquita do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) pelas valiosas criticas e sugestões recebidas.

(Manuscrito recebido em 23/fev./1981; aceito em 25/fev./1982)

ANDERSON, G. C. & ZEUTSCHEL, R. P. 1970. Release of dissolved organic matter by marine phytoplankton in coastal and off-shore areas of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:402-407.
ARMSTRONG, F. A. J.; WILLIAMS, P. M. & STRICKLAND, J. D. H. 1966. Photo-oxidation of organic matter in sea water by ultra-violet radiation, analytical and other applications. Nature, Lond., 211:481-483.
ARTHUR, C. R. & RIGLER, F. H. 1967. A possible source of error in the ¹⁴C method of measuring primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12:121-124.
BERMAN, R. & HOLM-HANSEN, O. 1974. Release of photoassimilated carbon as dissolved organic matter by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 28:305-310.
BRANDSOME Jr., E. D. 1970. The current status of liquid scintillation counting. New York, Grune & Stratton.
BRAY, G. A. 1960. A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in liquid scintillation. Anal. Biochem., 1:279-285.
BUL'YON, V. V. 1976. Phytoplankton production measurement using C¹⁴ with allowance for losses of labeled organic matter during filtering. Oceanology, Acad. Sci. URSS., 15(3):347-350.
EHRHARDT, M. 1977. Organic substances in seawater. Mar. Chem., 5:307-316.
EPPLEY, R. W. & SLOAN, P. R'. 1965. Carbon balance experiments with marine phytoplankton. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22:1083-1097.
FOGG, G. E. 1958. Extracellular products of phytoplankton and the estimation of primary production. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. perm. int. Expl. Mer, 144:56-60.
______ ; NALEWAJKO, C. & WATT, W. D. 1965. Extracellular products of phytoplankton photosynthesis. Proc. R. Soc., B., 162:517-534.
GUILLARD, R. R. L. & RYTHER, J. H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Ustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol., 8:229-239.
HELLEBUST, J. A. 1974. Extracellular products. In: Stewart, W. D. P., ed. - Algae physiology and biochemistry. Oxford, Blackwell, p. 838-863.
HERBLAND, A. 1974. Influence de la depression de filtration sur la mesure simultanée de l'assimilation et de l'excrétion organique du phytoplancton. CUEA Newsletter, 3 (4): 16-22.
______ & DANDONEAU, Y. 1975. Excrétion organique du phytoplancton et activité bactérienne hétérotrophe dans le Dôme de Guinée (Océan Atlantique Tropical Est). Doc. scient. Centre Rech. océanogr. (Abidjan), 6(2):1-18.
IGNATIADES, L. & FOGG, G. E. 1973. Studies on the factors affecting the release of organic matter by Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve in culture. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 53:937-956.
JØRGENSEN, C. B. 1976. August Pütter, August Krogh, and modern ideas on the use of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. Biol. Rev., 51:291-328.
KROGH, A. 1934a Conditions of life in the ocean. Ecol. Monogr., 4:421-429.
______ 1934b Conditions of life at great depths in the ocean. Ecol. Monogr., 4:430-439.
______ & KEYS, A. 1934. Methods for the determination of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in sea water. Biol. Bull. mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 67(1):132-144.
______ ; LANGE, E. & SMITH, W. 1930. On the organic matter given off by algae. Biochem. J., 24:1666-1671.
MORRIS, I.; YENTSCH, C. M. & YENTSCH, C. S. 1971. Relationships between light carbon dioxide fixation and dark carbon dioxide fixation by marine algae. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16:854-858.
MYERS, J. & JOHNSTON, J. A. 1949. Carbon and nitrogen balance of Chlorella during growth. Plant. Physiol., 24:111-119.
NALEWAJKO, C. & LEAN, D. R. S. 1972. Retention of dissolved compounds by membrane filters as error in the ¹⁴C method of primary production measurement. J.Phycol., 8:37-43.
PATTERSON, M. S. & GREENE, R. C. 1965. Measurement of low energy beta-emitters in aqueous solution by liquid scintillation counting of emulsions. Anal. Chem., 37:854-857.
SELLNER, K. G.; ZINGMARK, R. G. & MILLER, T. G. 1976. Interpretations of ¹⁴C method of measuring the total annual production of phytoplankton in the South Caroline estuary. Bot. mar., 19:119-125.
SHARP, J. H. 1977. Excretion of organic matter by marine phytoplankton: do healthy cells do it? Limnol. Oceanogr., 22:381-399.
SMITH Jr., W. O. 1975. The optimal procedure for the measurement of phytoplankton excretion. Mar. Sci. Commun., 1(6):395-405.
SNEDECOR, G. W. & COCHRAN, W. G. 1967. Statistical methods. 6th ed. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press.
STEEMANN-NIELSEN, E. 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 18:117-140.
______ 1975. Marine photosynthesis. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 141p.
THOMAS, J. P. 1971. Release of dissolved organic matter from natural populations of marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 11:311-323.
TOLBERT, N. E. & ZILL, L. P. 1956. Excretion of glicolic acid by some algae during photosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 222:895-906.
TURNER, J. C. 1968. Triton x-100 scintillant for carbon labelled materials. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 19:557-563.
WANG, C. H. & WILLIS, D. L. 1965. Radiotracer methodology in biological science. Englewood Eliffs, Prentice-Hall, 382p.
WANGERSKY, P. J. 1965. The organic chemistry of sea water. Am. Scient., 53:358-374.
WIEBE, W. J. & SMITH, D. F. 1977. ¹⁴C-labelling of compounds excreted by phytoplankton for employment as a realistic tracer in secondary productivity measurement. Microbiol. Ecol., 4:1-8.
WILLIAMS, P. J. de B. & YENTSCH, C. S. 1976. An examination of photosynthesis production, excretion of photosynthetic products and heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic compounds with reference to results from coastal sub-tropical sea. Mar. Biol., 35:31-40.
WILLIAMS, P. J. de B.; BERMAN, T. & HOLM-HANSEN, O. 1972. Potential sources of error in the measurement of low rates of planktonic photosynthesis and excretion. Nature, New Biol., 236:91-93.

*

Trabalho realizado no Instituto Oceanográfico da U.S.P. com suporte financeiro da FINEP.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
04 Jun 2012
Data do Fascículo
1982

Histórico

Aceito
25 Fev 1982
Recebido
23 Fev 1981

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ANDERSON, G. C. & ZEUTSCHEL, R. P. 1970. Release of dissolved organic matter by marine phytoplankton in coastal and off-shore areas of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:402-407.

[2] ARMSTRONG, F. A. J.; WILLIAMS, P. M. & STRICKLAND, J. D. H. 1966. Photo-oxidation of organic matter in sea water by ultra-violet radiation, analytical and other applications. Nature, Lond., 211:481-483.

[3] ARTHUR, C. R. & RIGLER, F. H. 1967. A possible source of error in the ¹⁴C method of measuring primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12:121-124.

[4] BERMAN, R. & HOLM-HANSEN, O. 1974. Release of photoassimilated carbon as dissolved organic matter by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 28:305-310.

[5] BRANDSOME Jr., E. D. 1970. The current status of liquid scintillation counting. New York, Grune & Stratton.

[6] BRAY, G. A. 1960. A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in liquid scintillation. Anal. Biochem., 1:279-285.

[7] BUL'YON, V. V. 1976. Phytoplankton production measurement using C¹⁴ with allowance for losses of labeled organic matter during filtering. Oceanology, Acad. Sci. URSS., 15(3):347-350.

[8] EHRHARDT, M. 1977. Organic substances in seawater. Mar. Chem., 5:307-316.

[9] EPPLEY, R. W. & SLOAN, P. R'. 1965. Carbon balance experiments with marine phytoplankton. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22:1083-1097.

[10] FOGG, G. E. 1958. Extracellular products of phytoplankton and the estimation of primary production. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. perm. int. Expl. Mer, 144:56-60.

[11] ______ ; NALEWAJKO, C. & WATT, W. D. 1965. Extracellular products of phytoplankton photosynthesis. Proc. R. Soc., B., 162:517-534.

[12] GUILLARD, R. R. L. & RYTHER, J. H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Ustedt, and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Can. J. Microbiol., 8:229-239.

[13] HELLEBUST, J. A. 1974. Extracellular products. In: Stewart, W. D. P., ed. - Algae physiology and biochemistry. Oxford, Blackwell, p. 838-863.

[14] HERBLAND, A. 1974. Influence de la depression de filtration sur la mesure simultanée de l'assimilation et de l'excrétion organique du phytoplancton. CUEA Newsletter, 3 (4): 16-22.

[15] ______ & DANDONEAU, Y. 1975. Excrétion organique du phytoplancton et activité bactérienne hétérotrophe dans le Dôme de Guinée (Océan Atlantique Tropical Est). Doc. scient. Centre Rech. océanogr. (Abidjan), 6(2):1-18.

[16] IGNATIADES, L. & FOGG, G. E. 1973. Studies on the factors affecting the release of organic matter by Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve in culture. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 53:937-956.

[17] JØRGENSEN, C. B. 1976. August Pütter, August Krogh, and modern ideas on the use of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. Biol. Rev., 51:291-328.

[18] KROGH, A. 1934a Conditions of life in the ocean. Ecol. Monogr., 4:421-429.

[19] ______ 1934b Conditions of life at great depths in the ocean. Ecol. Monogr., 4:430-439.

[20] ______ & KEYS, A. 1934. Methods for the determination of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in sea water. Biol. Bull. mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 67(1):132-144.

[21] ______ ; LANGE, E. & SMITH, W. 1930. On the organic matter given off by algae. Biochem. J., 24:1666-1671.

[22] MORRIS, I.; YENTSCH, C. M. & YENTSCH, C. S. 1971. Relationships between light carbon dioxide fixation and dark carbon dioxide fixation by marine algae. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16:854-858.

[23] MYERS, J. & JOHNSTON, J. A. 1949. Carbon and nitrogen balance of Chlorella during growth. Plant. Physiol., 24:111-119.

[24] NALEWAJKO, C. & LEAN, D. R. S. 1972. Retention of dissolved compounds by membrane filters as error in the ¹⁴C method of primary production measurement. J.Phycol., 8:37-43.

[25] PATTERSON, M. S. & GREENE, R. C. 1965. Measurement of low energy beta-emitters in aqueous solution by liquid scintillation counting of emulsions. Anal. Chem., 37:854-857.

[26] SELLNER, K. G.; ZINGMARK, R. G. & MILLER, T. G. 1976. Interpretations of ¹⁴C method of measuring the total annual production of phytoplankton in the South Caroline estuary. Bot. mar., 19:119-125.

[27] SHARP, J. H. 1977. Excretion of organic matter by marine phytoplankton: do healthy cells do it? Limnol. Oceanogr., 22:381-399.

[28] SMITH Jr., W. O. 1975. The optimal procedure for the measurement of phytoplankton excretion. Mar. Sci. Commun., 1(6):395-405.

[29] SNEDECOR, G. W. & COCHRAN, W. G. 1967. Statistical methods. 6th ed. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press.

[30] STEEMANN-NIELSEN, E. 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 18:117-140.

[31] ______ 1975. Marine photosynthesis. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 141p.

[32] THOMAS, J. P. 1971. Release of dissolved organic matter from natural populations of marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 11:311-323.

[33] TOLBERT, N. E. & ZILL, L. P. 1956. Excretion of glicolic acid by some algae during photosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., 222:895-906.

[34] TURNER, J. C. 1968. Triton x-100 scintillant for carbon labelled materials. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 19:557-563.

[35] WANG, C. H. & WILLIS, D. L. 1965. Radiotracer methodology in biological science. Englewood Eliffs, Prentice-Hall, 382p.

[36] WANGERSKY, P. J. 1965. The organic chemistry of sea water. Am. Scient., 53:358-374.

[37] WIEBE, W. J. & SMITH, D. F. 1977. ¹⁴C-labelling of compounds excreted by phytoplankton for employment as a realistic tracer in secondary productivity measurement. Microbiol. Ecol., 4:1-8.

[38] WILLIAMS, P. J. de B. & YENTSCH, C. S. 1976. An examination of photosynthesis production, excretion of photosynthetic products and heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic compounds with reference to results from coastal sub-tropical sea. Mar. Biol., 35:31-40.

[39] WILLIAMS, P. J. de B.; BERMAN, T. & HOLM-HANSEN, O. 1972. Potential sources of error in the measurement of low rates of planktonic photosynthesis and excretion. Nature, New Biol., 236:91-93.

Brasil

Brasil

Alguns aspectos metodológicos da medida da excreção de matéria orgânica pelo fitoplâncton por espectrometria de cintilação líquida

Some aspects of liquid scintillation spectrometric procedures to measure dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton

Resumo

Datas de Publicação

Histórico