Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

G. R. L. Al-Awsi ^**e-mail: Ghaidaa.raheem@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq; ehsan_kianfar2010@yahoo.com

Al-Mustaqbal University College, Department of Radiological Techniques, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-9704

A. A. Alameri

University of Babylon, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9262-7227

A. M. B. Al-Dhalimy

Altoosi University College, Department of Nursing, Najaf, Iraq

The Islamic University, Islamic University Centre for Scientific Research, Najaf, Iraq

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9522-3957

G. A. Gabr

Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Al-Kharj, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute - AGERI, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5028-9952

E. Kianfar ^**e-mail: Ghaidaa.raheem@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq; ehsan_kianfar2010@yahoo.com

Islamic Azad University, Department of Chemistry, Sousangerd, Iran

Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey

Islamic Azad University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak, Iran

Islamic Azad University, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran, Iran

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7213-3772

*e-mail: Ghaidaa.raheem@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq; ehsan_kianfar2010@yahoo.com

Figures (17)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Introduction of antibiotics and development of resistance to these agents (Hogberg et al., 2010HOGBERG, L.D., HEDDINI, A. and CARS, O., 2010. The global need for effective antibiotics: challenges and recent advances. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 509-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2010.08.002. PMid:20843562.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2010.08... ).

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Figure 2
imaging Lateral flow immunochromatographic tests (Kong et al., 2017KONG, D., LIU, L., SONG, S., ZHENG, Q., WU, X. and KUANG, H., 2017. Rapid detection of tenuazonic acid in cereal and fruit juice using a lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay strip. Food and Agricultural Immunology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1293-1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2017.1337085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2017.... ).

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Figure 3
Microwave-accelerated nanoparticle aggregation assays (MA-AAs) in solution. (a) Model protein-nanoparticle system used to demonstrate MA-AA in solution; biotinylated-BSA-coated 20 nm gold nanoparticles cross-linked by streptavidin; (b) Change in absorbance of biotinylated-BSA 20 nm gold nanoparticles cross-linked by 20 nM addition of streptavidin, both without (room temperature) and after low-power microwave heating; (c) Change in absorbance at 650 nm for both the room-temperature-incubated and microwave-heated samples; (d) Schematic representation of the aggregation process driven by a temperature gradient and kinetic energy of the nanoparticles (Aslan and Geddes, 2008ASLAN, K. and GEDDES, C.D., 2008. New tools for rapid clinical and bioagent diagnostics: microwaves and plasmonic nanostructures. The Analyst, vol. 133, no. 11, pp. 1469-1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b808292h. PMid:18936822.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b808292h... ).

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Figure 4
Nanoparticle labels of whole pathogens (Pissuwan et al., 2020PISSUWAN, D., GAZZANA, C., MONGKOLSUK, S. and CORTIE, M.B., 2020. Single and multiple detections of foodborne pathogens by gold nanoparticle assays. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. e1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1584. PMid:31532914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1584... ).

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Figure 5
The nanoparticle classes applied for antimicrobial chemotherapy (Szczęch and Szczepanowicz, 2020SZCZĘCH, M. and SZCZEPANOWICZ, K., 2020. Polymeric core-shell nanoparticles prepared by spontaneous emulsification solvent evaporation and functionalized by the Layer-by-Layer Method. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496. PMid:32164194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496... ).

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Figure 6
Characterization of metal nanoparticles using different instrumental-based techniques (Zhu et al., 2018ZHU, S., FU, J., LI, H., ZHU, L., HU, Y., XIA, W., ZHANG, X., PENG, Y. and ZHANG, J., 2018. Direct observation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy tuning magnetization configurations in uniaxial magnetic nanomaterials. ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3442-3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b00058. PMid:29558619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b0005... ).

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Figure 7
Types of antimicrobial mechanisms of nanoparticles (Huh and Kwon, 2011HUH, A.J. and KWON, Y.J., 2011. “Nanoantibiotics”: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 128-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.002. PMid:21763369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011... ).

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Figure 8
Schematic diagram showing different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive immunity that may interact with silver nanomaterials (Ninan et al., 2020NINAN, N., GOSWAMI, N. and VASILEV, K., 2020. The impact of engineered silver nanomaterials on the immune system. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967. PMid:32443602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967... ).

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Figure 9
Schematic diagram showing the uptake mechanisms of silver nanomaterials by immune cells (Ernst et al., 2021ERNST, L.M., CASALS, E., ITALIANI, P., BORASCHI, D. and PUNTES, V., 2021. The interactions between nanoparticles and the innate immune system from a nanotechnologist perspective. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991. PMid:34835755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991... ).

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Figure 10
Mechanisms of production of reactive oxygen species by titanium nanoparticles (A) and fullerenes (B) (Brunet et al., 2009BRUNET, L., LYON, D.Y., HOTZE, E.M., ALVAREZ, P.J.J. and WIESNER, M.R., 2009. Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4355-4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t. PMid:19603646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t... ).

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Figure 11
Diagram representing the possible mechanisms of drug release by diffusion, swelling and erosion of polymer (chitosan) matrix (Mohammed et al., 2017MOHAMMED, M.A., SYEDA, J., WASAN, K.M. and WASAN, E.K., 2017. An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053. PMid:29156634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9... ).

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Figure 7
Types of antimicrobial mechanisms of nanoparticles (Huh and Kwon, 2011HUH, A.J. and KWON, Y.J., 2011. “Nanoantibiotics”: a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era. Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 156, no. 2, pp. 128-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.002. PMid:21763369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011... ).

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Figure 8
Schematic diagram showing different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive immunity that may interact with silver nanomaterials (Ninan et al., 2020NINAN, N., GOSWAMI, N. and VASILEV, K., 2020. The impact of engineered silver nanomaterials on the immune system. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967. PMid:32443602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967... ).

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Figure 9
Schematic diagram showing the uptake mechanisms of silver nanomaterials by immune cells (Ernst et al., 2021ERNST, L.M., CASALS, E., ITALIANI, P., BORASCHI, D. and PUNTES, V., 2021. The interactions between nanoparticles and the innate immune system from a nanotechnologist perspective. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991. PMid:34835755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991... ).

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Figure 10
Mechanisms of production of reactive oxygen species by titanium nanoparticles (A) and fullerenes (B) (Brunet et al., 2009BRUNET, L., LYON, D.Y., HOTZE, E.M., ALVAREZ, P.J.J. and WIESNER, M.R., 2009. Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4355-4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t. PMid:19603646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t... ).

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Figure 11
Diagram representing the possible mechanisms of drug release by diffusion, swelling and erosion of polymer (chitosan) matrix (Mohammed et al., 2017MOHAMMED, M.A., SYEDA, J., WASAN, K.M. and WASAN, E.K., 2017. An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053. PMid:29156634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9... ).

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Figure 8
Schematic diagram showing different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive immunity that may interact with silver nanomaterials (Ninan et al., 2020NINAN, N., GOSWAMI, N. and VASILEV, K., 2020. The impact of engineered silver nanomaterials on the immune system. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967. PMid:32443602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050967... ).

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Figure 9
Schematic diagram showing the uptake mechanisms of silver nanomaterials by immune cells (Ernst et al., 2021ERNST, L.M., CASALS, E., ITALIANI, P., BORASCHI, D. and PUNTES, V., 2021. The interactions between nanoparticles and the innate immune system from a nanotechnologist perspective. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991. PMid:34835755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112991... ).

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Figure 10
Mechanisms of production of reactive oxygen species by titanium nanoparticles (A) and fullerenes (B) (Brunet et al., 2009BRUNET, L., LYON, D.Y., HOTZE, E.M., ALVAREZ, P.J.J. and WIESNER, M.R., 2009. Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 4355-4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t. PMid:19603646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803093t... ).

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Figure 11
Diagram representing the possible mechanisms of drug release by diffusion, swelling and erosion of polymer (chitosan) matrix (Mohammed et al., 2017MOHAMMED, M.A., SYEDA, J., WASAN, K.M. and WASAN, E.K., 2017. An overview of chitosan nanoparticles and its application in non-parenteral drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9040053. PMid:29156634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9... ).

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Figure 12
TEM (left) and SEM (right) images of the silica-polymer core-shell nanoparticles: SiO ₂ @PAS ((A) and (B)), SiO₂ @PAA ((C) and (D)), SiO₂ @PAM ((E) and (F)), and SiO₂ @PAV ((G) and (H)) (Dong et al., 2011DONG, A., HUANG, J., LAN, S., WANG, T., XIAO, L., WANG, W., ZHAO, T., ZHENG, X., LIU, F. and GAO, G. (2011). Synthesis of N-halamine-functionalized silica-polymer core-shell nanoparticles and their enhanced antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology, vol. 22, no. 29, pp. 295602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/29/295602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/2... ).

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Figure 13
Polylactic acid polymer (PLA) (Danhier et al., 2012DANHIER, F., ANSORENA, E., SILVA, J.-M., COCO, R., BRETON, A-L., and PREAT, V., 2012. PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 505-522. PMID: 22353619.).

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Figure 14
Scheme of how to prepare PLA nanoparticles with biodegradability and biocompatibility (Szczęch and Szczepanowicz, 2020SZCZĘCH, M. and SZCZEPANOWICZ, K., 2020. Polymeric core-shell nanoparticles prepared by spontaneous emulsification solvent evaporation and functionalized by the Layer-by-Layer Method. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496. PMid:32164194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496... ).

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Figure 15
of emulsion polymerization for the preparation of degradable PLA-coated PEG nanoparticles (SDS surfactant) (Ferrari et al., 2012FERRARI, R., YU, Y., LATTUADA, M., STORTI, G., MORBIDELLI, M. and MOSCATELLI, D., 2012. Controlled PEGylation of PLA-based nanoparticles. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol. 213, no. 19, pp. 2012-2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368... ).

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Figure 13
Polylactic acid polymer (PLA) (Danhier et al., 2012DANHIER, F., ANSORENA, E., SILVA, J.-M., COCO, R., BRETON, A-L., and PREAT, V., 2012. PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 505-522. PMID: 22353619.).

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Figure 14
Scheme of how to prepare PLA nanoparticles with biodegradability and biocompatibility (Szczęch and Szczepanowicz, 2020SZCZĘCH, M. and SZCZEPANOWICZ, K., 2020. Polymeric core-shell nanoparticles prepared by spontaneous emulsification solvent evaporation and functionalized by the Layer-by-Layer Method. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496. PMid:32164194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030496... ).

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Figure 15
of emulsion polymerization for the preparation of degradable PLA-coated PEG nanoparticles (SDS surfactant) (Ferrari et al., 2012FERRARI, R., YU, Y., LATTUADA, M., STORTI, G., MORBIDELLI, M. and MOSCATELLI, D., 2012. Controlled PEGylation of PLA-based nanoparticles. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol. 213, no. 19, pp. 2012-2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368... ).

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Figure 16
Anti-cancer drug formulation of Paxi-Ptxl-PLA nanoparticles, i: Ptxl-PLA nanosorbent, ii: Ptxl-PLA nanosorbent after PLA-PEG coating, iii: Ptxl-PLA and PLA-PEG co-sequestration, NPPat = nanoprrecip co- precipitation (Ferrari et al., 2012FERRARI, R., YU, Y., LATTUADA, M., STORTI, G., MORBIDELLI, M. and MOSCATELLI, D., 2012. Controlled PEGylation of PLA-based nanoparticles. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, vol. 213, no. 19, pp. 2012-2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200368... ).

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Figure 17
PLGA hydrolysis (Danhier et al., 2012DANHIER, F., ANSORENA, E., SILVA, J.-M., COCO, R., BRETON, A-L., and PREAT, V., 2012. PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 505-522. PMID: 22353619.).

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Table 1
Drugs transported with PLA nanoparticles.

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Table 2
Advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology-based delivery systems (Abed et al., 2023ABED, A.M., AMEER, S.A.A., ABDTAWFEEQ, T.H., IBRAHIM, A.K., RUHAIMA, A.A.K., YADAV, A., SMAISIM, G.F. and SHARIATI, A.R., 2023. Effect of polarity on prediction of second order derivative thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol. 565, pp. 113652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2022.113652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2022.1... ).

Capsule material	Capsulation efficiency (%)	Progressive Therapy	Capsule material	Capsulation efficiency (%)	Progressive Therapy
Haloperidol	30	Drug release over 4 days	Zidovudine	55	Less phagocytosis
Hemoglobin	9.87	Less macrophage absorption	BSA	75.6	Longer blood circulation than free drug
Dexamethasone	6	Slow release of the drug in over From 50 hours	Oridonin	88.91	Drug release in over 72 hours
Lactic acid	50	Improves oral absorption	Neurotoxin-1	5.35	Increased drug delivery to the brain
Protein c	3.86	Release of c-protein with Hydro PLA, increases.	Savoxpin	95	Controlled drug release In more than a week
Progesterone	70	-

Advantages	disadvantages
Stable release in a controlled manner	Different toxicity characteristics when using different additives and polymers
Infiltration of lipophilic molecules into different layers and improvement of bioavailability, solubility	Nanoparticles can be antigens that due to their properties (such as size, surface properties, charge and hydrophobicity) may lead to toxicity and side effects.
Drug encapsulation using options for low cost biocompatible and biodegradable polymers	Lack of standardized protocol for in vivo tolerance testing
The effectiveness of the drug in improving various treatments	Lack of standard in regulatory approval tests due to unique nano- formulations

Brasil

Brasil

Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

Aplicação de nanoantibióticos no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças infecciosas

Abstract