Caracterização micromorfológica e estudo microscópico eletrônico de espécies parasitas da família Loranthaceae Juss.

Aljuhani, W. S.; Al Thagafi, N. T. S.

W. S. Aljuhani ^**e-mail: wsjuhani@uqu.edu.sa

Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-1376

N. T. S. Al Thagafi

Taif University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Taif, Saudi Arabia

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9271-0301

*e-mail: wsjuhani@uqu.edu.sa

Figuras (18)
Tabelas (5)

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Figure 1
SEM at different magnifications of leaf Phragmanthera austroarabica showing highly ribbed cell walls with sunken stomata. Nonglandular stellate trichomes. Circle-shaped lenticels covered in crusts and transitional coiled-rodlets of wax.

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Figure 2
SEM of Loranthella deflersii oblong to polygonal epidermal cells, superficial stomata. Stomata covered in granules of wax and crust.

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Figure 3
SEM of Oncocalyx glabratu oblong epidermis cells covered in granular wax. Stomata Sunken.

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Figure 4
SEM of Plicosepalus curviflorus; (a) Moderate ribbed cell wall on the AD surface; (b) Highly ribbed cell wall on the AB surface; (c) Stomata Sunken; (d) Guard cells covered in crusts.

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Figure 5
SEM of Plicosepalus acacia; (a) Highly ribbed cell wall on AD surface; (b) Moderate ribbed cell wall on the AB; (c) Stomata oval to oblong sunken; (d) Guard cells covered in thick crusts, especially on the AB leaf surface.

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Figure 6
SEM at different magnifications of the leaves of Tapinanthus globifer; oblong to bone-shaped epidermal cells. Circular to oblong raised stomata, stomata covered in entire platelets.

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Figure 7
LM in leaves of Phragmanthera austroarabica (a and b) showing rounded PW.

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Figure 8
LM in leaves of (a) Plicosepalus acaciae and (b) Plicosepalus curviflorus showing smooth and angular periclinal walls PW.

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Figure 9
SEM of Phragmanthera austroarabica fruit surface covered with nonglandular stellate trichomes and clusters of spherical cells covered by fissured layers of wax and crusts.

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Figure 10
SEM of Loranthella deflersii fruit surface covered with two types of nonglandular stellate trichomes with a disc in the center and without a center-disc.

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Figure 11
SEM of Oncocalyx glabratus fruit surface highly ribbed and covered by smooth and few granules of wax.

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Figure 12
SEM of Plicosepalus curviflorus fruit surface covered by fissured layers and few granules of wax.

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Figure 13
SEM of Plicosepalus acaciae fruit surface, less ribbing and densely covered with granules of wax.

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Figure 14
Loading plots and cluster loading for Loranthaceae species of the KSA by the two axes principal components 1/2, based on observation of the micromorphological characteristics of the stomata complex and epidermal cells. The characteristic code is available in .

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Figure 15
Clusters loading for Loranthaceae species of the KSA, by the two axes principal components 1/2, based on observation of Micro- morphological characteristics of stomata complex and epidermis cell. Sample code available in . The dotted circle indicates the subtribe. Tapinanthinae (green circle) and subtribe. Emelianthinae (red circle).

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Figure 16
Heatmap of the correlation matrix between the morphological characteristics of the stomatal complex and epidermal cells evaluated in the current study. Dark brown indicates a high positive correlation. Light green indicates a high negative correlation.

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Figure 17
Cluster dendrogram for Loranthaceae species local to the KSA based on observations of the morphological characteristics of stomatal complexes and epidermal cells. sample code available in .

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Figure 18
Boxplots and ANOVA values, a,b; O. glabratus (Og) presented the highest variation in subsidiary cell length, and subsidiary cell width (µm) characteristics. c,d; P. austroarabica (Pau)presented the highest variation in epidermal cell length, and subsidiary cell area (µm), characteristics, evaluated within Loranthaceae native to the KSA. Abaxial leaf (AB). Adaxial leaf (AD).

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Table 1
List of the study samples of Loranthaceae from Saudi Arabia along with information on sample numbers, code, and locations.

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Table 2
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of epidermal cells and stomatal index characteristics that have been estimated in Loranthaceae species native to the KSA.

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Table 3
Eigenvalues of Principal Component Analysis based on stomata complex and epidermis cell.

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Table 4
Characteristic loadings in PCA based on stomatal complex and epidermal cell characteristics.

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Table 5
ANOVA results showing P values and R squared values for stomatal complex and epidermal cell characteristics.

No	Scientific Name	Samples code	Locality	Collector	Longitude & Altitude	Voucher
1	Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh.	Tg	Wadi Alreem	Rahmah Alqthanin	17.9805724°, 42.2380263°	T10011 (KKU)
2	Oncocalyx glabratus (Engl.) M. G. Gilbert	Og	Thageef village	Noha Althagafi	20.6197578°, 40.9233393°	G1001 (UQU)
3	Loranthella deflersii (Tiegh.) S. Blanco & C. E. Wetze	Ld	Abha - Khamis mushat	Noha Althagafi	18.185097°,42.818443°. 18,299187°,42.497780°.	S1002 (UQU)
4	Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill. & J. Nyberg	Pau	Al-Taef, Gabel Ibrahium Wadi leiah	Noha Althagafi	20.402047°,41.138292°. 18.1913686°,42.8226008°. 18.0602509°,42.7076538°. 18.301805°,42.496372°	P1005 (UQU)
5	Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth.ex Oliv.) Tiegh.	Pc	Wadi leiah	Noha Althagafi	21.218874°,40.557426°. 20.637140°,41.275528°. 18.1913686°,42.8226008°.	N C1008 (UQU)
6	Plicosepalus acaciae (Zucc.)	Pa	Tabouk Alola Alwajh	Noha Althagafi	26.5737260°,36.3731150° 26.7392410°,37.1740530°	A1003 (UQU)

Organ	Characteristics
Organ	Descriptive	Quantitative
Leaf	Abaxial leaf (AB)	Abaxial leaf (AB)
	Epidermal cell shape	Stomatal Pore Length
	Periclinal walls (PW)	Stomatal Pore Width
	Fine relief of the cell wall and wax form	Stomatal Pore Area
	Trichome type	Stomatal Complex Length
	Trichome surface	Stomatal Complex Width
	Trichomes length/μm	Stomatal Complex Area
	Trichomes width/μm	Epidermal Cell Length
	Lenticels type	Epidermal Cell Width
	Lenticels surface	Subsidiary Cell Length
	Lenticels length	Subsidiary Cell Width
	Lenticels width	Subsidiary Cell Area
	Stomata type	Number of Stomata
	Stomata level	Number of Epidermal Cells
	Guard cell surface	Stomatal Index
	Pore shape
	Adaxial leaf (AD)	Adaxial leaf (AD)
	Epidermal cell shape	Stomatal Pore Length
	Periclinal walls (PW)	Stomatal Pore Width
	Fine relief of the cell wall and wax form	Stomatal Pore Area
	Trichome type	Stomatal Complex Length
	Trichome surface	Stomatal Complex Width
	Trichomes length/μm	Stomatal Complex Area
	Trichomes width/μm	Epidermal Cell Length
	Lenticels type	Epidermal Cell Width
	Trichome surface	Subsidiary Cell Length
	Lenticels length	Subsidiary Cell Width
	Lenticels width	Subsidiary Cell Area
	Stomata type	Number of Stomata
	Stomata level	Number of Epidermal Cells
	Guard cell surface	Stomatal Index
	Pore shape
	Distribution of stomata in (AB)&(AD) surfaces
Fruit	Fine relief of fruit surface and wax form
	Trichome type
	Trichome surface
	Trichomes length/μm
	Trichomes width/μm

	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
Eigenvalue	10.997	7.536	4.913	2.746	1.807
Variability (%)	39.276	26.915	17.548	9.808	6.454
Cumulative %	39.276	66.190	83.738	93.546	100.000

Characters	Code	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
Stomatal Pore Length Ab	SPL.Ab	-0.061	0.833	-0.494	0.021	-0.242
Stomatal Pore Width Ab	SPW.Ab	-0.141	0.584	-0.237	0.759	-0.081
Stomatal Pore Area Ab	SPA.Ab	-0.168	0.748	-0.328	0.102	0.543
Stomatal Complex Length Ab	SCL.Ab	-0.049	0.974	-0.154	0.084	-0.136
Stomatal Complex Width Ab	SCW.Ab	-0.174	0.844	-0.355	0.100	-0.348
Stomatal Complex Area Ab	SCA.Ab	-0.342	0.754	-0.310	0.005	0.468
Epidermal Cell Length Ab	ECL.Ab	-0.768	0.428	0.379	-0.056	0.284
Epidermal Cell Width Ab	ECW.Ab	-0.646	0.563	0.429	-0.001	0.285
Subsidiary Cell Length Ab	SEL.Ab	0.169	0.791	-0.003	-0.274	-0.520
Subsidiary Cell Width Ab	SEW.Ab	0.026	0.932	-0.052	0.072	-0.351
Subsidiary Cell Area Ab	SEA.Ab	0.489	0.752	0.302	-0.268	0.180
Number of Stomata Ab	NS.Ab.	-0.733	-0.300	0.469	0.380	-0.098
Number of Epidermal Cells Ab	NE.Ab	-0.425	-0.207	0.050	0.840	-0.262
Stomatal Index Ab	SI.Ab	-0.677	-0.051	0.641	-0.303	-0.187
Stomatal Pore Length Ad	SPL.Ad	0.974	0.187	0.042	0.120	0.031
Stomatal Pore Width Ad	SPW.Ad	0.836	0.342	0.317	-0.089	-0.275
Stomatal Pore Area Ad	SPA.Ad	0.864	0.329	0.274	0.176	0.200
Stomatal Complex Length Ad	SCL.Ad	0.896	-0.217	0.225	0.311	-0.038
Stomatal Complex Width Ad	SCW.Ad	0.984	-0.025	0.090	-0.128	0.077
Stomatal Complex Area Ad	SCA.Ad	0.831	0.308	0.304	0.217	0.273
Epidermal Cell Length Ad	ECL.Ad	0.926	-0.007	0.326	-0.143	-0.127
Epidermal Cell Width Ad	ECW.Ad	0.767	0.403	0.334	-0.371	0.010
Subsidiary Cell Length Ad	SEL.Ad	0.835	-0.407	0.295	0.155	-0.162
Subsidiary Cell Width Ad	SEW.Ad	-0.120	0.163	0.759	0.613	-0.079
Subsidiary Cell Area Ad	SEA.Ad	0.608	0.259	0.526	0.427	0.323
Number of Stomata Ad	NS.Ad	-0.514	0.275	0.804	-0.089	-0.068
Number of Epidermal Cells Ad	NE.Ad	-0.386	0.319	0.829	-0.181	-0.170
Stomatal Index Ad	SI.Ad	-0.740	0.120	0.619	-0.226	0.059

Characteristics	P value	R squared
Stomatal Pore Length	0.007	0.645
Stomatal Pore Width	0.000	0.770
Stomatal Pore Area	0.000	0.949
Stomatal Complex Length	<0.0001	0.886
Stomatal Complex Width	<0.0001	0.871
Stomatal Complex Area	<0.0001	0.860
Epidermal Cell Length	<0.0001	0.924
Epidermal Cell Width	<0.0001	0.781
Subsidiary Cell Length	<0.0001	0.927
Subsidiary Cell Width	<0.0001	0.837
Subsidiary Cell Area	<0.0001	0.960
Number of Stomata	0.307	0.740
Number of Epidermal Cells	0.937	0.391
Stomatal Index	1.798	0.643

[1] *e-mail: wsjuhani@uqu.edu.sa

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Caracterização micromorfológica e estudo microscópico eletrônico de espécies parasitas da família Loranthaceae Juss.

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