Abstract
Benthic macroinvertebrates are integral parts of inland waters, inhabiting a diversity of aquatic ecosystems where communities are spatially structured. Macroinvertebrates of some Mediterranean regions such as North Africa are still not well studied. Due this reason we proposed study the community structure in water bodies located in Northeastern Algeria. For this objective, we sampled 12 different kind of water bodies, two dams, three rivers, and seven streams during the period from October 2020 to September 2021. To biotic and abiotic data, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied with the aim of determine the role of both kind of variables for grouping the sites. Also, two types of Null models were considered: species co-occurrence and niche sharing for study the potential associations between species reported. Redundancy analysis showed that water velocity and conductivity were the main drivers of community structure of macroinvertebrates. The species co-occurrence results reveal that species associations are ramdom, except for two sites: El fadjoudj and Ain ben baida corresponding to Seybouse river. At the same time, there is no niche sharing and in consequence, there is no interspecific competition except in the two sites: Salah Salah Salah stream and Bouhamdane dam. The results revealed similarities with other similar studies for Algerian rivers and dams, and with other similar water bodies with Mediterranean climate.
Keywords:
benthic macroinvertebrates; community structure; freshwater; north-est Algeria
Resumo
Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são partes integrantes das águas interiores, habitando uma diversidade de ecossistemas aquáticos onde as comunidades estão espacialmente estruturadas. Os macroinvertebrados de algumas regiões mediterrânicas, como o Norte de África, ainda não são bem estudados. Por esta razão propusemos estudar a estrutura comunitária em massas de água localizadas no Nordeste da Argélia. Para tanto, foram amostrados 12 corpos d’água diferentes, duas barragens, três rios e sete córregos durante o período de outubro de 2020 a setembro de 2021. Aos dados bióticos e abióticos foi aplicada uma análise de redundância (RDA) com o objetivo de determinar o papel de ambos os tipos de variáveis para agrupar os sites. Além disso, foram considerados dois tipos de modelos nulos: co-ocorrência de espécies e compartilhamento de nicho para estudar as potenciais associações entre as espécies relatadas. A análise de redundância mostrou que a velocidade e a condutividade da água foram os principais impulsionadores da estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados. Os resultados da co-ocorrência de espécies revelam que as associações de espécies são aleatórias, excepto em dois locais: El fadjoudj e Ain ben baida correspondentes ao rio Seybouse. Ao mesmo tempo, não há partilha de nicho e, consequentemente, não há competição interespecífica, excepto nos dois locais: riacho Salah Salah Salah e barragem de Bouhamdane. Os resultados revelaram semelhanças com outros estudos semelhantes para rios e barragens argelinos, e com outras massas de água semelhantes com clima mediterrânico.
Palavras-chave:
macroinvertebrados bentônicos; estrutura comunitária; água doce; nordeste da Argélia
1. Introduction
The inland waterbodies of north-eastern Algeria are characterized by high biodiversity of species, that is conditioned by environmental characteristics (Samraoui and Samraoui, 2008SAMRAOUI, F. and SAMRAOUI, B., 2008. The reproductive ecology of the Common Coot (Fulica atra) in the Hauts Plateaux, northeast Algeria. Waterbirds, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 133-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0133:TREOTC]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2007...
; Khelifa et al., 2016KHELIFA, R., ZEBSA, R., AMARI, H., MELLAL, M.K., MAHDJOUB, H. and KAHALERRAS, A., 2016. A hotspot for threatened Mediterranean odonates in the Seybouse River (Northeast Algeria): are IUCN population sizes drastically underestimated? International Journal of Odonatology, vol. 19, no. 1-2, pp. 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2015.1133331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2015....
; Bouali et al., 2021BOUALI, N., BAALOUDJ, A., TOUARFIA, M., HOUHAMDI, I., MAAZI, M.C. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2021. Ecology, phenology and wintering behavior of Anatidae in the wetlands of Souk-Ahras (north-eastern Algeria). Arxius de Miscel.Lania Zoologica, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 135-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/amz.2021.19.0135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/amz.2021.19.0...
). The community structure in water bodies it express in term of species richness and species dominance is variable in function to species interactions. Both intraspecific competition for resources, predation and abiotic parameters are what could determine the type of species composition (Toft, 1985TOFT, C.A., 1985. Resource partitioning in amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444785...
; Bekhouche et al., 2017BEKHOUCHE, N., MARNICHE, F. and OULDJAOUI, A., 2017. Contribution to the study of the biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and the biological quality of some rivers in the watershed Boumerzoug (east of Algeria). Revue des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 234-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.16...
; Khelifa et al., 2021aKHELIFA, R., MAHDJOUB, H., BAALOUDJ, A., CANNINGS, R.A. and SAMWAYS, M.J., 2021a. Remarkable population resilience in a North African endemic damselfly in the face of rapid agricultural transformation. Insects, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040353. PMid:33920977.
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, bKHELIFA, R., MAHDJOUB, H., BAALOUDJ, A., CANNINGS, R.A. and SAMWAYS, M.J., 2021b. Effects of both climate change and human water demand on a highly threatened damselfly. Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 7725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86383-z. PMid:33833264.
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; Suarez et al., 2022SUAREZ, B., BARRIOS, M. and TEIXEIRA DE MELLO, F., 2022. Macroinvertebrates’ response to different land use in lowland streams from Uruguay: use of artificial substrates for biomonitoring. Neotropical Biodiversity, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2049178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022....
). In this scenario, in term of species diversity and abundance of each species is variable for each site such as was observed for other Algerian rivers determining also the community structure (Baaloudj, 2019BAALOUDJ, A., 2019. Emergence ecology of the critically endangered Urothemis edwardsii in a new colonized site in El Kala National Park (Algeria): conservation implications. Zoology and Ecology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 137-142.; Chaib et al., 2023CHAIB, S., BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ESSE, C., GHARBI, M. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2023. Ecological structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the Hauts Plateaux of Northeast Algeria. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 83, e273010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.273010. PMid:37585930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2730...
).
Despite all that, the study of macroinvertebrates in the streams of Algeria has only been undertaken in recent decades in order to put an inventory as exhaustive as possible and to have knowledge of their systematics, their ecology, and their biogeography (Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
). The reports for Algerian rivers mentioned marked heterogeneity at spatial scale along river course and the differences of the kinds of water bodies in term of community structure, specifically in species diversity and dominant species (Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
; Ferguani and Arab, 2013FERGUANI, H. and ARAB, A., 2013. Utilisation des macroinvertébrés benthiques comme bioindicateurs de pollution d’Oued El Harrach [Use of macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water pollution in El Harrach Stream]. In: 4éme Congrès International des Populations et des Communautés Animales, 2013, Taghit, Algérie. Taghit: Communications Internationales, pp. 205-212. ), that would be explained also due marked geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity (Bekhouche et al., 2017BEKHOUCHE, N., MARNICHE, F. and OULDJAOUI, A., 2017. Contribution to the study of the biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and the biological quality of some rivers in the watershed Boumerzoug (east of Algeria). Revue des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 234-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.16...
; Ferguani and Arab, 2013FERGUANI, H. and ARAB, A., 2013. Utilisation des macroinvertébrés benthiques comme bioindicateurs de pollution d’Oued El Harrach [Use of macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water pollution in El Harrach Stream]. In: 4éme Congrès International des Populations et des Communautés Animales, 2013, Taghit, Algérie. Taghit: Communications Internationales, pp. 205-212. ; Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
).
For that, the main goals of our study were do a first exploratory analysis for study the benthic invertebrate communities in rivers, dams and streams in Northeastern Algeria using exploratory multivariate analysis, specifically redundance analysis for determine the role of biotic and abiotic variables for as potential grouping variables, and in second instance using null models (species co-occurrence and niche sharing) for determine the potential role of species interactions.
2. Material and Methods
Study area: The basin of Seybouse is located in northeastern Algeria. It covers a total surface of approximately 6471 km2. It consists of 42 rivers (Baaloudj et al., 2020BAALOUDJ, A., OUARAB, S., KERFOUF, A., BOURIACH, M., HUSSEIN, A., HAMMANA, A.C. and DJENEBA, H.N., 2020. Use of macroinvertebrates to assess the quality of Seybouse River (North-East of Algeria). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 60-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168...
), including our 12 sites (Figure 1, Table 1). Among the 12 sampling sites (Table 1), we chose 2 dams: Bouhamdane II, whose area extends over 13,000 ha with a capacity of 2.8 million m3, and Medjez el bgare, with a capacity of 2,86 million m3 and three sites in Seybouse river (El fadjoudj, Bouchegouf and Ain Ben Baida) and seven streams (Zimba, Bou Sora, Hellia, Charef, Bouhamdane I, Salah salah salah and Echham). The regional climate is typically Mediterranean, with a long hot and dry season (8 months) and a short-wet season (4 months) (Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
). Also, the vegetation cover is extensive but mainly includes: Juncus sp, Typha sp, Phragmites australis, Tamarix sp, Nerium oleander, and Lemna minor (Baaloudj et al., 2020BAALOUDJ, A., OUARAB, S., KERFOUF, A., BOURIACH, M., HUSSEIN, A., HAMMANA, A.C. and DJENEBA, H.N., 2020. Use of macroinvertebrates to assess the quality of Seybouse River (North-East of Algeria). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 60-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168...
, 2022BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P.R. and ESSE, C., 2022. Benthic community ecology for Algerian river Seybouse. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 84, e251566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251566. PMid:35019090.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2515...
).
Geographic distribution of the study sites in Northeast Algeria. The map was generated from the leaflet R package (Code site see Table 1).
Sampling protocol: To assess and monitor changes in the physicochemical and biological quality of freshwater, we sampled the macroinvertebrates and nine physicochemical parameters (depth of water body, water speed, conductivity, dissolved oxygen [O2], pH, nitrate, nitrite, salinity, and water temperature) in each site monthly from October 2020 to September 2021. We used multi-parameter Multi 3620 IDS WTW to estimate the physicochemical parameters. The measurements were taken near the bank in lentic sites and in the middle of the watercourse in lotic sites. The probe was submerged in the water at a depth of about 10 cm. All measurements were taken between 08:00 and 16:00 hrs. We made sure to take physicochemical measurements before sampling the macroinvertebrates to avoid biased data due to habitat perturbation. The collection of macroinvertebrates was done by using a large landing net with a mesh opening of 1 mm. The collected specimens were fixed with ethanol 96%. The sorting and the identification of the different organisms (by family) were carried out in the laboratory under a binocular loupe type (Olympus S236206) according to several identifying keys (Tachet et al., 2012TACHET, H., RICHOUX, P., BOURNAUD, M. and USSEGLIO-POLATERA, P., 2012. Invertébrés d’eau douce: systématique, biologie, écologie. Paris: Editions CNRS. (in French).; Greenhlg and Ovenden, 2009GREENHLG, M. and OVENDEN, D., 2009. Guide de la vie des eaux douces: les plakntes, les animaux, les empreintes. Paris: Delachaux et Niestié. (in French).); they were counted and stored separately in different ethanol vials labelled with identification, a number of individuals and collection date.
Exploratory data analysis: To determine the relationship between the abiotic factors and the composition of benthic communities (based on abundance), we used redundancy analysis (RDA) model (Legendre and Legendre, 1998LEGENDRE, P. and LEGENDRE, L., 1998. Numerical ecology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 990 p.). Prior to this analysis, we removed collinearities among explanatory variables (six abiotic factors) using the vif.cca function (variance inflation factor) and applying a threshold of < 2 to retain variables. We retained only five explanatory variables after removing dissolved oxygen because of high correlation with salinity (Spearman’s correlation: r = 0.85, P=0.0004). We also standardized all environmental variables and Hellinger-transformed the community data. We determined whether the full RDA model was significant using the ANOVA function of the package vegan (Oksanen et al., 2019OKSANEN, J., BLANCHET, F.G., FRIENDLY, M., KINDT, R., LEGENDRE, P., MCGLINN, D., O’HARA, R.B., SIMPSON, G.L., SOLYMOS, P., STEVENS, M.H.H., SZOECS, E. and WAGNER, H., 2019 [viewed 6 January 2022]. Package “Vegan” [online]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/...
) and ggplot2 (Wickham, 2009WICKHAM, H., 2009. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.) R software packages. We then used a forward selection procedure to reveal the most influential abiotic factors on the benthic community composition using the ordiR2step function. We reported both R2 and adjusted R2 (corrected for the number of explanatory variables) estimated using the RSquareAdj function. Values are mean ± SD.
Null model in ecology: As a first step, a species presence/absence matrix was constructed, with the species in rows and the pools in columns. From this matrix we calculated a Checkerboard score (“C-score”), which is a quantitative index of occurrence that measures the extent to which species co-occur less frequently than expected by chance (Gotelli, 2000GOTELLI, N.J., 2000. Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 2606-2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2606:NMAOSC]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000...
). A community is structured by competition when the C-score is significantly larger than expected (Gotelli, 2000GOTELLI, N.J., 2000. Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 2606-2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2606:NMAOSC]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000...
; Tondoh, 2006TONDOH, J.E., 2006. Seasonal changes in earthworm diversity and community structure in Central Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 42, suppl. 1, pp. 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.09.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006....
; Gotelli and Entsminger, 2007GOTELLI, N.J. and ENTSMINGER, G.L., 2007 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSim: null models software for ecology (version 7) [online]. Available from: http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim
http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim...
; Tiho and Josens, 2007TIHO, S. and JOSENS, G., 2007. Co-occurrence of earthworms in urban surroundings: a null model analysis of community structure. European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 84-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006....
). It is used simulation to compare co-occurrence patterns to null expectations. Gotelli and Ellison (2013)GOTELLI, N.J. and ELLISON, A.M., 2013 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSimR 1.00 [online]. Available from: http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoSim.html
http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoS...
suggested the statistical null models Fixed- Fixed, in this model, the row and column sums of the matrix are retained. As a result, each random community has the same number of species as the original community (fixed column), and each species occurs at the same frequency (fixed row). The null model analyses were conducted using the EcosimR R-package (Gotelli and Ellison, 2013GOTELLI, N.J. and ELLISON, A.M., 2013 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSimR 1.00 [online]. Available from: http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoSim.html
http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoS...
; Carvajal-Quintero et al., 2015CARVAJAL-QUINTERO, J.D., ESCOBAR, F., ALVARADO, F., VILLA-NAVARRO, F.A., JARAMILLO-VILLA, U. and MALDONADO-OCAMPO, J.A., 2015. Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia. Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2608-2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539. PMid:26257874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539...
) and software R (R Development Core Team, 2021R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.).
It was investigated if niche overlap significantly differed from the comparable value under the null hypothesis (for example, random assemblage) using data from the second niche period. The Pianka index was used for determining niche overlap. This model is based on a median table that shows the probability of niche sharing when compared to the simulated community niche overlap (Gotelli and Entsminger, 2007GOTELLI, N.J. and ENTSMINGER, G.L., 2007 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSim: null models software for ecology (version 7) [online]. Available from: http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim
http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim...
; Carvajal-Quintero et al., 2015CARVAJAL-QUINTERO, J.D., ESCOBAR, F., ALVARADO, F., VILLA-NAVARRO, F.A., JARAMILLO-VILLA, U. and MALDONADO-OCAMPO, J.A., 2015. Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia. Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2608-2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539. PMid:26257874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539...
). The niche amplitude can be maintained or reshuffled; when retained, it preserves each species; specialty; when is reshuffled, it often uses a wider usage gradient, resulting in a large niche overlap in the simulated community when compared to the real population. In addition, the zero states are retained or simulated in each simulated matrix, with 0 involvements in the observed matrix being maintained or not. The RA3 algorithm was employed in this investigation (Gotelli and Ellison, 2013GOTELLI, N.J. and ELLISON, A.M., 2013 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSimR 1.00 [online]. Available from: http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoSim.html
http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoS...
; Carvajal-Quintero et al., 2015CARVAJAL-QUINTERO, J.D., ESCOBAR, F., ALVARADO, F., VILLA-NAVARRO, F.A., JARAMILLO-VILLA, U. and MALDONADO-OCAMPO, J.A., 2015. Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia. Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2608-2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539. PMid:26257874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539...
). The RA3 model keeps the amplitude while rearranging the zero conditions (Gotelli and Entsminger, 2007GOTELLI, N.J. and ENTSMINGER, G.L., 2007 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSim: null models software for ecology (version 7) [online]. Available from: http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim
http://www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim...
). The R-package EcosimR was used to conduct this null model study (Gotelli and Ellison, 2013GOTELLI, N.J. and ELLISON, A.M., 2013 [viewed 6 January 2022]. EcoSimR 1.00 [online]. Available from: http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoSim.html
http://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/EcoSim/EcoS...
; Carvajal-Quintero et al., 2015CARVAJAL-QUINTERO, J.D., ESCOBAR, F., ALVARADO, F., VILLA-NAVARRO, F.A., JARAMILLO-VILLA, U. and MALDONADO-OCAMPO, J.A., 2015. Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia. Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 2608-2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539. PMid:26257874.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539...
) and software R (R Development Core Team, 2021R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.).
3. Results
The results of abiotic factors revealed that the measured parameters had relatively moderated values of all studied variables (depth of water body, water speed, conductivity, dissolved oxygen [O2], pH, nitrate, nitrite, salinity, and water temperature) for ten sites (three sites along Seybouse river, five streams and two dams), nevertheless two sites have marked differences, first Boudhame I stream that had high depth of water body, high pH level and high dissolved oxygen [O2], whereas the second site Salah Salah Salah stream, has high conductivity, high water speed and high nitrate levels (Table 2). The results of taxa composition revealed that site El fadjoudj of river Seybouse has high taxa number with 18 taxa reported (Table 3), whereas the site Zimba stream has the lower taxa number with 5 taxa reported (Table 3). The most abundant taxa for all sites are Corixidae and Gammaridae, and the most abundances were reported mainly between February to June (Table 3).
Community Structure: the results of RDA revealed for abiotic parameters that the main contributor parameters are water velocity, pH, turbidity for RDA1, and dissolved oxygen, turbidity and pH for RDA2 (Table 4). Whereas for biotic variables the main contributor parameters were Gammaridae, Corixidae and Baetidae for RDA1, and Gammaridae, Siphlonuridae, Chironomidae, Hydropshicidae and Baetidae for RDA 2 (Table 4). The RDA revealed that ten sites are relatively similar in biotic and abiotic parameters, nevertheless there are two different sites, first site Bouhamdane I stream has high depth and high pH with high Corixidae and Chironomidae abundances, whereas the second site Salah Salah Salah stream, is characterized by high water speed, high conductivity and high abundance of Gammaridae, Hydropsichidae, Baetidae and Siphlonuridae (Figure 2).
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the macroinvertebrate communities of aquatic systems for studied sites. A forward modeling procedure selected turbidity, pH, conductivity, and water speed as predictors (Code sites see Table 1).
Null model in ecology: the results of co-occurrence of species of the sampled sites showed a pattern of random co-occurrence (or absence of structured pattern), except in two sites of Seybouse river: El fadjoudj (P = 0.002) and Ain Ben Baida (P = 0.001), where the co-occurrence of species showed a structured pattern (Table 5). Whereas the niche sharing results revealed that there is no niche sharing and in consequence, there is no interspecific competition except in the two sites: Salah salah salah stream and Bouhamdane II dam (P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0080, respectively), which there is niche sharing that leads to the existence of interspecific competition (Table 6).
4. Discussion
The result proved by the RDA analysis, revealed water velocity, pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen are the most important abiotic conditioning factor for composition of benthic communities, it is due because high velocity are associated with running waters in upper zones of river course that under natural conditions have low conductivity, high pH, high oxygen level [O2] and low turbidity that in consequence the environment has low productivity for that can sustain the species diversity (Baaloudj et al., 2022BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P.R. and ESSE, C., 2022. Benthic community ecology for Algerian river Seybouse. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 84, e251566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251566. PMid:35019090.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2515...
). The presence of high velocity water is a stressor agent that don´t allow the assessment of benthic invertebrates (De los Ríos-Escalante et al., 2020a). Whereas sites with low pH, low oxygen level [O2], high turbidity, low velocity are associated with lower zones of river course with high conductivity due high nutrients and mineral concentrations due the accumulation from medium and upper zones, that in consequence generate environments with high productivity and high species abundances (Baaloudj et al., 2022BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P.R. and ESSE, C., 2022. Benthic community ecology for Algerian river Seybouse. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 84, e251566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251566. PMid:35019090.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2515...
). The most abundant taxa for all sites are Corixidae and Gammaridae, and the most abundances were reported mainly between February to June, that would correspond to Northern Hemisphere spring that would corresponds to the end of short-wet season (Chaib et al., 2023CHAIB, S., BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ESSE, C., GHARBI, M. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2023. Ecological structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the Hauts Plateaux of Northeast Algeria. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 83, e273010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.273010. PMid:37585930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2730...
).
The RDA also denoted, that ten sites were relatively similar in abiotic and biotic parameters. Whereas two sites were different in the biotic parameters, mainly abundance of specific groups for Salah salah salah stream (Gammaridae, Hydropsichidae, Baetidae and Siphlonuridae) and Boudhame I stream (Corixidae and Chironomidae) was reported for sites with high nutrients concentrations and organic matter inputs from upper zones of the river, surrounding basin, it is because these groups are tolerant to high organic matter concentration waters (Haouchine, 2011HAOUCHINE, S., 2011. Recherches sur la faunistique et l’écologie des macroinvertébrés descours d’eau de Kabylie [Research on the faunistic quality and the ecology of benthic macroinvertebrates of Kabylie rivers]. Algérie: Université Mouloud Maameri de Tizi Ouzou. Doctoral thesis in Biological Sciences.; Zebsa et al., 2014aZEBSA, R., KHELIFA, R. and KAHALERRAS, A., 2014a. Emergence pattern, microhabitat choice, and population structure of the Maghribian endemic Gomphus lucasii Selys, 1849 (Odonata: Gomphidae) in northeastern Algeria. Aquatic Insects, vol. 36, no. 3-4, pp. 245-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015.1083587.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015....
, bZEBSA, R., KHELIFA, R., KAHALERRAS, A., DJALAL, H. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2014b. Emergence pattern, site selection, and seasonal regulation of Onychogomphus costae Selys, 1885 (Odonata: Gomphidae) in northeastern Algeria. Aquatic Insects, vol. 36, no. 3-4, pp. 257-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015.1087574.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015....
; Khelifa et al., 2016KHELIFA, R., ZEBSA, R., AMARI, H., MELLAL, M.K., MAHDJOUB, H. and KAHALERRAS, A., 2016. A hotspot for threatened Mediterranean odonates in the Seybouse River (Northeast Algeria): are IUCN population sizes drastically underestimated? International Journal of Odonatology, vol. 19, no. 1-2, pp. 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2015.1133331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2015....
; Baaloudj et al., 2020BAALOUDJ, A., OUARAB, S., KERFOUF, A., BOURIACH, M., HUSSEIN, A., HAMMANA, A.C. and DJENEBA, H.N., 2020. Use of macroinvertebrates to assess the quality of Seybouse River (North-East of Algeria). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 60-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168...
; Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
). These kinds of benthic invertebrate structure were like other descriptions for Algerian and Moroccan rivers (Bagella et al., 2010BAGELLA, S., CARIA, M.C. and ZUCCARELLO, V., 2010. Patterns of emblematic habitat types in Mediterranean temporary wetlands. Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 333, no. 9, pp. 694-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.06.006. PMid:20816650.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.06...
; Baaloudj et al., 2020BAALOUDJ, A., OUARAB, S., KERFOUF, A., BOURIACH, M., HUSSEIN, A., HAMMANA, A.C. and DJENEBA, H.N., 2020. Use of macroinvertebrates to assess the quality of Seybouse River (North-East of Algeria). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 60-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_168...
; Zouggaghe, 2020ZOUGGAGHE, F., 2020. Structure et distribution des macro-invertébrés aquatiques e la kabylie de la Soummam (nord de l’Algérie). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 295-310.; Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
; Chaib et al., 2023CHAIB, S., BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ESSE, C., GHARBI, M. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2023. Ecological structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the Hauts Plateaux of Northeast Algeria. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 83, e273010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.273010. PMid:37585930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2730...
).
The results of null model species co-occurrence denoted random absence (or structured pattern) in species associations was reported for two sites of Seybouse river (El fadjoudj and Ain ben baida). This result corresponds, to marked differences in species composition for both sites, due to differences in water velocity and conductivity for each site, because Ain ben baida due its location in upper zone of river course (lotic river) would have high water velocity and low conductivity, whereas El fadjoudj due its location in lower zone of river course (lentic river) would have low water velocity and high conductivity. It is because the water velocity decreases from upper to lower zones along river course, due topographical conditions, whereas the conductivity varies along river course due variations in nutrients and mineral inputs from surrounding basin due natural conditions (Figueroa et al., 2003FIGUEROA, R., VALDOVINOS, C., ARAYA, E. and PARRA, O., 2003. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos como indicadores de calidad de agua de ríos del sur de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 275-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2003000200012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2003...
; Rouibi et al., 2021ROUIBI, A., BAALOUDJ, A., CHAHROUR, F., KERFOUF, A., RIZI, H., BERDJA, R., BELKHIRIA, W., CHAIB, S. and GHARBI, M., 2021. Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane stream (Northeast of Algeria). Zoology and Ecology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021...
). These results are like descriptions for Algerian (Chaib et al., 2023CHAIB, S., BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ESSE, C., GHARBI, M. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2023. Ecological structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the Hauts Plateaux of Northeast Algeria. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 83, e273010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.273010. PMid:37585930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2730...
; Baaloudj et al., 2022BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P.R. and ESSE, C., 2022. Benthic community ecology for Algerian river Seybouse. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 84, e251566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251566. PMid:35019090.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2515...
) and Chilean rivers (De los Ríos-Escalante et al., 2020a).
The results of null model niche sharing, denoted its absence such as was observed for sites Salah Salah Salah stream and Bouhamdane II dam, both sites share the characteristic of high conductivity and low water velocity, that in consequence would provide the environmental conditions in example nutrients or organic matter concentration for allow the presence of niche sharing and in consequence the presence of interspecific competition (De los Ríos-Escalante et al., 2020bDE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P.R., CONTRERAS, A., LARA, G., LATSAGUE, M. and ESSE, C., 2020b. First reports of associations between spectral properties, chlorophyll, bacterial and zooplankton in two Chilean north Patagonian lakes (Villarrica and Caburgua, 38 S, Araucania region, Chile). Journal of King Saud University. Science, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 3167-3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.09.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.0...
).
As conclusion, the results of our study revealed the existence of marked differences in community structure in term of diversity and dominant species for studied sites. The potentials causes would be the marked geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity of studied sites, as well as the spatial differences within same water body, in example between same river course (Boix et al., 2009BOIX, D., SALA, J., GASCON, S., RUHI, A. and QUINTANA, X.D., 2009. Structure of invertebrate assemblages’ contribution to the ecological functioning of the Mediterranean temporary ponds. In: P. FRAGA and I. ARGUIMBAU, eds. International Conference on Mediterranean Temporary Ponds. Maó, Menorca, Spain: Consell Insular de Menorca, pp. 153-189.; Figueroa et al., 2003FIGUEROA, R., VALDOVINOS, C., ARAYA, E. and PARRA, O., 2003. Macroinvertebrados bentónicos como indicadores de calidad de agua de ríos del sur de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 275-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2003000200012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2003...
, 2007FIGUEROA, R., PALMA, A., RUIZ, V. and NIELL, X., 2007. Análisis comparativo de índices bióticos utilizados en la evaluación de la calidad de aguas en un río mediterráneo de Chile, río Chillán, VIII región. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 225-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2007...
, 2013FIGUEROA, R., BONADA, N., GUEVARA, M., PEDREROS, P., CORREA-ARANEDA, F., DIAZ, M.E. and RUIZ, V.H., 2013. Freshwater biodiversity and conservation in Mediterranean climate streams of Chile. Hydrobiologia, vol. 719, no. 1, pp. 269-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1685-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-168...
; De los Ríos-Escalante et al., 2020a; Vega et al., 2020VEGA, R., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ENCINA, F., NORAMBUENA, J.A., BARILE, J. and MARDONES, A., 2020. First reports of inventory and role of macroinvertebrate and fish in Cautín River (38°S, Araucania region, Chile). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 215-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.203511. PMid:31066767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2035...
; Barile et al., 2021BARILE, J., VEGA, R. and DE LOS RIOS-ESCALANTE, P., 2021. First report the role of benthic macroinvertebrates as preys for native fish in Toltén river (38° S, Araucania region Chile). Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 845-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.232661. PMid:32965340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2326...
; Figueroa and De los Ríos-Escalante, 2021; Chaib et al., 2023CHAIB, S., BAALOUDJ, A., DE LOS RÍOS-ESCALANTE, P., ESSE, C., GHARBI, M. and HOUHAMDI, M., 2023. Ecological structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in the Hauts Plateaux of Northeast Algeria. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, vol. 83, e273010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.273010. PMid:37585930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.2730...
). However, further ecological studies would be necessary to better understand the functions of this ecosystem in Algeria.
Acknowledgements
The present project was financed by projects MECESUP UCT 0804, and the authors express their gratitude to M.I. and S.M.A., for their valuable suggestions for improve the manuscript. Also, we thank Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (MESRS) for funding the project. We thank Dr. Dambri Besma for helpful advice in macroinvertebrate sampling,
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
22 Mar 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
04 Apr 2023 -
Accepted
06 Dec 2023