Response of Chinese potato (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>, Araceae) to abiotic and biotic stress, and the effectiveness of treatment with the fungus <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>

Ortiz Vásquez, C. E.; Rodríguez Castillo, N.; Zuluaga Trochez, A.

doi:10.1590/1519-6984.284571

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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.284571 linkcopy

Response of Chinese potato (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) to abiotic and biotic stress, and the effectiveness of treatment with the fungus Trichoderma harzianum

Resposta da batata chinesa (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) aos estresses abiótico e biótico, e a eficácia do tratamento com o fungo Trichoderma harzianum

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Climate change intensifies drought, which increases susceptibility to phytopathogens in several crops such as the Chinese potato (Colocasia esculenta). This species is cultivated in tropical areas mainly for the production of corms, which are affected by Fusarium oxysporum dry rot. Phytopathology treated with toxic chemicals, which highlights the biocontroller Trichoderma harzianum, which also helps reduce the effects related to drought in other crops. Therefore, the objective was to characterize the response of C. esculenta to drought and infection by F. oxysporum, and the effectiveness of treatment with T. harzianum. Greenhouse tests were carried out with three factors (F. oxysporum, T. harzianum and drought), each with two levels (presence and absence) (N=48). Plant growth was evaluated for 30 days, in addition to the relative chlorophyll content, maximum efficiency of photosystem II, water content (WC%), incidence and severity. It was obtained that abiotic and biotic stress decreases growth. Drought lowered photosynthetic efficiency, and both stressors reduced chlorophyll in plants not treated with T. harzianum. Stress decreased leaf and corm WC%, but this effect was reduced by the biocontroller. This fungus reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum, and the severity of foliar symptoms for both types of stress. In conclusion, abiotic and biotic stress differentially impacts C. esculenta, and T. harzianum tends to improve growth under stress. However, more studies are required to evaluate its benefit on productivity. This work is one of the first to describe the stress response of this crop, and highlights its importance for future technification plans.

Keywords:
biocontrol; drought; Fusarium oxysporum; water stress

Treatment	Experimental condition	Abbreviation
T1	Inoculation with F. oxysporum and irrigation	F
T2	Inoculation with F. oxysporum and drought (water stress)	FW
T3	Substrate inoculation with T. harzianum and irrigation	T
T4	Substrate inoculation with T. harzianum and drought (water stress)	TW
T5	Inoculation with F. oxysporum, substrate inoculation with T. harzianum and irrigation	FT
T6	Inoculation with F. oxysporum, substrate inoculation with T. harzianum and drought (water stress)	FTW
T7	Drought (water stress)	W
Control (T8)	Irrigation	C

Ss	Leaf symptoms		Petiole symptoms		Corm symptoms
Ss	F	H	F	H	F
1	Healthy plant	Healthy plant	Healthy plant	Healthy plant	Not injured
2	Yellowing of < 1/3 of the leaves	Dry parts on < 1/3 of the leaves	Withering of < 1/3 of petioles	< 1/3 of dry petioles	Brown lesions in ≤ 25%
3	Yellowing between 1/3 and 2/3 of the leaves	Dry parts between 1/3 and 2/3 of the leaves	Withering between 1/3 and 2/3 of petioles	Between 1/3 and 2/3 of the dry petioles	Brown lesions between > 25% and ≤ 50%
4	Yellowing of > 2/3 of the leaves	Dry parts on > 2/3 of the leaves	Withering of > 2/3 of the petioles	> 2/3 of the dry petioles	Brown lesions between > 50% and ≤ 75%
5	Withered plant	Withered plant	Withered plant	Withered plant	Brown lesions in > 75%

Factors	df		Height		Corm diameter		Leaf area		SPAD		Fv/Fm
Factors	Num	Den	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
FTW	5	200	0.348	0.883	0.373	0.866	1.254	0.285	0.664	0.651	0.500	0.783
T*W	5	200	0.428	0.829	2.203	0.055	1.756	0.123	0.203	0.961	1.400	0.237
F*W	5	200	4.881	<0.001	0.505	0.772	1.996	0.081	0.349	0.882	1.000	0.394
F*T	5	200	2.681	0.023	3.112	0.010	0.911	0.474	3.130	0.009	1.100	0.357
W	5	200	5.357	<0.001	13.111	<0.001	4.535	<0.001	11.785	<0.001	6.500	<0.001
T	5	200	0.799	0.551	0.730	0.601	0.329	0.895	0.592	0.706	0.400	0.830
F	5	200	1.043	0.393	0.643	0.667	3.037	0.011	8.822	<0.001	0.600	0.687

Factors	dff	Symptoms of F. oxysporum				Symptoms of drought				dfc	Corm symptomatology
		*Leaf*		*Petiole*		*Leaf*		*Petiole*			*Harvest*		*Postharvest*
		Chq	P	Chq	P	Chq	P	Chq	P		Chq	P	Chq	P
FTW	6	0.629	0.996	1.348	0.969	0.819	0.991	0.131	0.999	22	0.537	0.694	1.584	0.694
T*W	6	1.287	0.972	2.486	0.871	0.296	0.999	0.209	0.999	21	0.537	0.694	1.738	0.536
F*W	6	2.849	0.827	2.388	0.881	6.048	0.418	4.159	0.655	20	1.075	1.000	2.121	0.845
F*T	6	0.696	0.994	1.424	0.964	0.246	0.999	0.259	0.999	19	1.074	0.845	2.159	1.000
W	6	5.150	0.525	3.451	0.751	20.10	0.003	21.09	0.002	18	1.113	1.000	2.159	1.000
T	6	1.101	0.981	2.181	0.902	2.036	0.916	0.461	0.998	17	1.112	0.757	2.255	1.000
F	6	17.86	0.006	20.16	0.002	12.51	0.051	8.696	0.191	16	1.208	0.004	2.255	0.004

Factors	df	Foliar water content		Root water content		Corm water content
		Foliar water content		Root water content		*Harvest*		*Postharvest*
		F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
FTW	1	0.004	0.947	0.563	0.457	1.945	0.182	2.166	0.160
T*W	1	11.702	0.001	1.125	0.295	1.707	0.209	0.717	0.409
F*W	1	0.022	0.883	4.502	0.040	1.433	0.249	0.048	0.829
F*T	1	0.013	0.908	3.917	0.055	0.542	0.472	0.512	0.484
W	1	38.007	<0.001	29.139	<0.001	21.241	<0.001	19.875	<0.001
T	1	11.529	0.001	2.959	0.0931	12.378	0.003	6.889	0.018
F	1	0.848	0.362	24.313	<0.001	18.918	<0.001	16.309	<0.001

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[1] Adapted from Arinaitwe et al. (2019), Jankowicz-Cieslak and Ingelbrecht (2022), Sireli et al. (2023) and Widodo and Supramana (2011).