|
Wang et al. (2020e)
|
Beijing and Anhui province, China |
156 (2 liver tissues only) |
Apoptosis in the liver and some binuclear hepatocytes. Small numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. S protein forms in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes with evident mitochondrial expansion, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, and glycogen granule decrease typical of coronavirus infection. Increased CD68+ cells were primarily found in the hepatic sinusoids, indicating Kupffer cell activation. |
|
Ji et al. (2020)
|
China |
202 |
Damage to the liver was hepatocellular rather than cholestatic. Microvesicular steatosis and T cell overactivation were found in one patient. |
|
Xu et al. (2020c)
|
Beijing, China |
1 |
Minimal lobular and portal activity, moderate microvesicular steatosis. |
|
Lagana et al. (2020a)
|
Columbia |
40 |
Varying degrees of steatosis, congestion, and ischemia, but no other significant gross pathology. Granulomatous inflammation. The portal and lobular granulomas resembled a “fibrin ring” shape. |
|
Sonzogni et al. (2020)
|
Bergamo, Italy |
48 |
Inflammatory infiltrates and lobular lymphocytes were dispersed throughout the portal area, with varying degrees of portal vein endotheliitis and only mild to moderate portal fibrosis; the biliary intrahepatic tree showed no major histological changes. |
|
Tian et al. (2020)
|
Wuhan, China |
4 |
Mild lobular infiltration by small lymphocytes and centrilobular sinusoidal dilation. Patchy necrosis was also observed. |
|
Zhang et al. (2020b)
|
Wuhan, China |
115 |
Mild sinusoidal dilatation and minor lymphocytic infiltration were observed in the liver tissue. |
|
Duarte-Neto et al. (2020)
|
Sao Paulo, Brazil |
first 10 fatal cases |
Liver macrovesicular steatosis, central coagulative necrosis, and sinusoidal congestion with fibrin thrombi. |
|
Elsoukkary et al. (2021)
|
New York, NY, USA |
32 |
Steatosis was the most common finding, explained by the presence of obesity, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. Nonspecific portal-based moderate lymphocytic inflammation was detected. Signs of chronic liver disease, including bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis with an unknown cause. |
|
Falasca et al. (2020)
|
Rome, Italy |
22 |
Sinusoidal congestion and red blood cell extravasation into the Disse space, small vein congestion, and hepatocyte death with inflammatory cell infiltration. Macrovacuolar and microvacuolar steatosis. |
|
Fassan et al. (2021)
|
Padua, Italy |
3 |
Except for one cirrhotic sample, all showed well-preserved lobular architecture. A zone 3 sinusoidal ectasia with significant red cell congestion and parenchymal degeneration in the centrilobular. Pericellular and sinusoidal fibrosis are two types of fibrosis. It was found that there were sinusoidal diffuse platelet-fibrin microthrombi and portal vein thrombosis. Ischemic liver necrosis of the centroacinar type. Kupffer cells were activated. |
|
McConnell et al. (2021)
|
New Haven, CT, USA |
68 |
Dilated sinusoids with liver congestion, neutrophil infiltration, steatosis, and sinusoidal erythrocyte aggregation in zone 2. |
|
Schmit et al. (2021)
|
Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium |
78 |
In 12 cases, lobular and portal inflammation were observed (86%). In the portal region, two patients showed a mixed infiltration with neutrophils, and one patient had a primarily eosinophilic infiltrate. Except for one patient already diagnosed with NASH, fibrosis was often nonexistent or distinct. Five cases (36%) had a distinct iron excess, and two had ceroid macrophages. Cholestasis was detected in five cases, while distinct canalicular growth was observed in another five (36%). Endotheliitis and vascular thrombi were not observed. |
|
Li et al. (2021)
|
Zhejiang, China |
3 |
Lymphoid follicles collected and expanded due to lymphocytic infiltration in the portal tract. Immunolabeling with CD34 and Warthin-Starry staining was used to detect cirrhosis. |
|
Beigmohammadi et al. (2021)
|
Tehran, Iran |
7 |
Mild to moderate micro- and macro-vesicular steatosis was observed. Hepatocytes in four of the patients showed mild ballooning degeneration. Two patients had both focal and distributed bile clogs. There was focal confluent necrosis and focal hepatocyte dropout. Masson’s trichrome special staining was typical. Reticulin staining showed focal regeneration sites. There was no evidence of the viral cytopathic impact in the liver tissue slices. |
Potential histopathological and immunological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver
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