PREPARING AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE BASED ADSORBENTS FOR REMOVAL OF DYES FROM EFFLUENTS - A REVIEW

Kharat, D. S.

doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20150321s00003020

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Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering

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REVIEWS • Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 32 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20150321s00003020 copy

PREPARING AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE BASED ADSORBENTS FOR REMOVAL OF DYES FROM EFFLUENTS - A REVIEW

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Industries engaged in dyeing operation generate coloured effluent due to the presence of spent dyes. Adsorption is among the various treatment processes employed for removal of dyes from effluents. Activated carbon is mostly used as an adsorbent in the treatment process. Attempts have been made by researchers to use non-conventional, low-cost, naturally-occurring biomass as adsorbents, including fruit peals, seeds, leaves, bark, sawdust, straw, ash, sludge and others that are abundantly available. The literature indicates that the dye adsorption capacities of these non-conventional biomasses largely depend on the methods of processing and the types of dyes. This review highlights methods used to prepare the adsorbents, along with their adsorption capacity for removal of different dyes from effluents.

Adsorption; Dye removal; Agricultural residue; Low-cost adsorbent

Name of Adsorbent	Dye	Adsorption Capacity	Reference
Citrus documana	Reactive red 2	0.608 mg/g	*Babu et al. (2011)*Babu, C. S., Chakrapani, C. C. and Rao, K. S., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of reactive red 2 dye adsorption onto prepared activated carbons. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(1), 428-439 (2011).
Citrus medica	Reactive red 2	0.580 mg/g	*Babu et al. (2011)*Babu, C. S., Chakrapani, C. C. and Rao, K. S., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of reactive red 2 dye adsorption onto prepared activated carbons. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(1), 428-439 (2011).
Citrus aurantifolia	Reactive red 2	0.566 mg/g	*Babu et al. (2011)*Babu, C. S., Chakrapani, C. C. and Rao, K. S., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of reactive red 2 dye adsorption onto prepared activated carbons. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(1), 428-439 (2011).
Orange peel (Citrus sinensis L.)	Remazol brilliant blue	11.62 mg/g (20 °C), 10.70 mg/g (30 °C), 8.61 mg/g (40 °C), 6.39 mg/g (50 °C), 5.54 mg/g (60 °C).	*Mafra et al. (2013)*Mafra, M. R., Igarashi-Mafra, L., Zuim, D. R., Vasques, E. C. and Ferreira, M. A., Adsorption of Remazol brilliant blue on an orange peel adsorbent. Brazilian J. Chemical Engineering, 30(3), 657-665 (2013).
Mosambi peel	Erichrome black T	90% (Initial dye concentration 50 mg/L & adsorbent dose 4 g/L)	*Ladhe et al. (2011)*Ladhe, U. V., Wankhede, S. K., Patil, V. T. and Patil, P. R., Adsorption of Erichrome black T from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from mosambi peel. J. Applied Science in Environmental Sanitation, 6(2), 149-154 (2011).
Palm nut shell carbon	Dark green PLS	0.84 mg/g	*Rajavel et al. (2003)*Rajavel, G., Anathanarayanan, C., Prabhakar, L. D. and Palanivel, C., Removal of Dark green PLS dye from textile industrial waste through low cost carbons. Indian J. Environ. Health, 45(3), 195-202 (2003).
Cashew nut shell carbon	Dark green PLS	1 mg/g	*Rajavel et al. (2003)*Rajavel, G., Anathanarayanan, C., Prabhakar, L. D. and Palanivel, C., Removal of Dark green PLS dye from textile industrial waste through low cost carbons. Indian J. Environ. Health, 45(3), 195-202 (2003).
Broom stick carbon	Dark green PLS	0.63 mg/g	*Rajavel et al. (2003)*Rajavel, G., Anathanarayanan, C., Prabhakar, L. D. and Palanivel, C., Removal of Dark green PLS dye from textile industrial waste through low cost carbons. Indian J. Environ. Health, 45(3), 195-202 (2003).
Coconut shell char	Rhodamine-B	41.67 mg/g	Theivarasu and Mylsamy (2010)Theivarasu, C. and Mylsamy, S., Equilibrium and kinetic adsorption studies of Rhodmine-B from aqueous solutions using cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell as a new adsorbent. International J. Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(11), 6284-6292 (2010).
Coir pith char	Coomassie brilliant	31.84 mg/g	*Prasad et al. (2008)*Prasad, R. N., Viswanathan, S., Devi J. R., Rajkumar, J. and Parthasarathy, N., Kinetics and equilibrium studies on biosorption of CBB by coir pith. American-Eurasian J. Scientific Research, 3(2), 123-127 (2008).
Palm shell activated carbon	Reactive red 3 BS	7 mg/g	Rusly and Ibrahim (2010)Rusly, S. M. and Ibrahim, S., Adsorption of textile reactive dye by palm shell activated carbon, Response Surface Methodology. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 67, 892-895 (2010).
Palm shell powder	Methylene blue Rhodamine 6G	121.5 mg/g	Sreelatha and Padmaja (2008)Sreelatha, G. and Padmaja, P., Study of removal of cationic dyes using palm shell powder as adsorbent. J. Environmental Protection Science, 2, 63-71 (2008).
Palm shell powder	Methylene blue Rhodamine 6G	105 mg/g
Sugarcane bagasse	Reactive orange	3. 48 mg/g	Amin (2008)Amin, K. N., Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination, 223, 152-161 (2008).
Sugarcane bagasse (ZnCl₂ treated)	Reactive orange	2.83 mg/g	Amin (2008)Amin, K. N., Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination, 223, 152-161 (2008).
Sugarcane bagasse (H₃PO₄ treated)	Reactive orange	1.8 mg/g	Amin (2008)Amin, K. N., Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination, 223, 152-161 (2008).
Sugarcane bagasse fly ash	Remazol Black B Remazol brilliant blue R Remazol Brilliant red	16.42 mg/g 32.468 mg/g 18.282 mg/g	*Rachakornkij et al. (2004)*Rachakornkij, M., Ruangchuay, S. and Teachakulwiroj, S., Removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution using bagasse fly ash. Songklanakarin J. Science and Technology, 26 (2004).
Sugarcane bagasse	Basic blue 3 Reactive orange 16	37.59 mg/g 34.48 mg/g	*Wong et al. (2009)*Wong, S. Y., Tan, Y. P., Abdullah, A. H. and Ong, S. T., The removal of basic and reactive dyes using quartenised sugar cane bagasse. J. Physical Science, 20(1), 59-74 (2009).
Sugarcane dust	Basic violet 1 Basic violet 10 Basic green 4	50.4 mg/g 13.9 mg/g 20.6 mg/g	*Ho et al. (2005)*Ho, Y. S., Chiu, W. T. and Wang, C. C., Regression analysis for the sorption of basic dyes on sugarcane dust. Bioresource Technology, 96, 285-1291 (2005).
Rice hull	Basic blue 3 Reactive orange 16	14.68 mg/g 6.24 mg/g	*Ong et al. (2007)*Ong, S. T., Lee, C. K. and Zainal, Z., Removal of basic reactive dyes using Ethylenediamine modified rice hull. Bioresource Technology, 98, 2792-2799 (2007).
Rice husk carbon	Congo red	10 to 99% (Initial dye concentration 25 ppm & adsorbent dose 0.08 g/L)	Sharma and Janveja (2008)Sharma, J. and Janveja, B., A study on removal of Congo red dye from the effluent of textile industry using rice husk activated by steam. Rasayan J. Chemistry, 1(4), 653-958 (2008).
Saw dust	Ethylene blue	87.7 mg/g (natural saw dust). 188.7 mg/g (treated saw dust)	*Gong et al. (2008)*Gong, R., Liu, X., Feng, M., Liang, J., Cal, W. and Li, N., Comparative study of Methylene blue sorbed on crude and monosodium glutamate functionalized sawdust. J. Health and Sci., 54(6), 623-628 (2008).
Beech wood saw dust	Direct orange 26 Acid green 20 Aid orange 7	2.78 mg/g 7.81 mg/g 5.06 mg/g	Izadyar and Rahimi (2007)Izadyar, S. and Rahimi, M., Use of beach wood saw dust for adsorption of textile dyes. Pakistan J. Biological Science, 10(2), 287-293 (2007).
Activated sludge	Rhodamine-B	5.121 mg/g (5 °C), 4.847 mg/g (15 °C), 4.456 mg/g (25 °C), 3.725 mg/g (45 °C)	Ju et at. (2006)Ju, D. J., Byun, I. G., Lee, C. H., An, G.H., Park, T. J., Biosorption characteristics of reactive dye onto dried activated sludge. Water Practice & Technology, 1(3), (2006).
Sewage sludge activated carbons	Reactive dye	33.5 mg/g	Reddy et at. (2006)Reddy, S. S. and Kotaiah, B., Reddy, N. S. P. and Velo, M., Removal of composite reactive dye from dyeing unit effluents using sewage sludge derived activated carbon. Turkish J. Engineering and Environmental Science, 30, 367-377 (2006).
Granular activated sludge	Acid orange 7	92% (at dye loading rate of 590 mg/L.day	*Mendez-Paz et al. (2005)*Mendez-Paz, D., Omil, F. and Lema, J. M., Anaerobic treatment of azo dye Acid orange 7 under fedbatch and continuous conditions. Water Research, 39, 771-778 (2005).
Fermentation waste (Corynebacterium glutamicum)	Reactive black 5	169.5 mg/g (20 °C), 185.2 mg/g (40 °C)	*Won et al. (2006)*Won, S. W., Kim, H. J., Choi, S. H., Chung, B. W., Kim, K. J. and Yun, Y. S., Performance, kinetics and equilibrium in biosorption of anionic dye Reactive black 5 by the waste biomass of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a low-cost biosorbent. Chemical Engineering Journal, 121, 37-43 (2006).
Sewage treatment plant sludge	Rhodamine B	5.121 mg/g (5 °C), 4.847 mg/g (15 °C), 4.456 mg/g (25 °C), 3.72 5 mg/g (45 °C)	*Ju et al. (2006)*Ju, D. J., Byun, I. G., Lee, C. H., An, G.H., Park, T. J., Biosorption characteristics of reactive dye onto dried activated sludge. Water Practice & Technology, 1(3), (2006).
Water treatment plant sludge	Reactive orange 16	47.0 mg/g	*Won et al. (2006a)*Won, S. W., Choi, S. B. and Yun, Y. S., Performance and mechanism in binding of Reactive orange 16 to various types of sludge. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 28, 208-214 (2006a).
Sewage treatment plant sludge	Reactive orange 16	114.7 mg/g	*Won et al. (2006a)*Won, S. W., Choi, S. B. and Yun, Y. S., Performance and mechanism in binding of Reactive orange 16 to various types of sludge. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 28, 208-214 (2006a).
Anaerobic digestion sludge	Reactive orange 16	86.8 mg/g	*Won et al. (2006a)*Won, S. W., Choi, S. B. and Yun, Y. S., Performance and mechanism in binding of Reactive orange 16 to various types of sludge. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 28, 208-214 (2006a).
Land fill sludge	Reactive orange 16	159.0 mg/g	*Won et al. (2006a)*Won, S. W., Choi, S. B. and Yun, Y. S., Performance and mechanism in binding of Reactive orange 16 to various types of sludge. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 28, 208-214 (2006a).
Brewery yeast dead cell	Reactive orange 16	0.604 mg/g (pH 3), 0.090 mg/g (pH 7), 0.50 mg/g (pH 10)	*Kim et al. (2004)*Kim, T. Y., Baek, S. J., Rho, S. G., Kim, S. J. and Cho, S. Y., Adsorption characteristics of reactive dye onto biosorbent. Theories and Application of Chem. Eng., 10(2), 1402-1404 (2004).
Baker's yeast cells	Acridine orange Aniline blue Malachite green Safranine O Crystal violet	82.8 mg/g, 430.2 mg/g 19.6 mg/g 90.3 mg/g 85.9 mg/g	Singh and Rastogi (2004)Singh, D. K. and Rastogi, K., Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous phase onto activated carbon of used tea leaves: A kinetic and thermodynamic study. J. Environmental Science and Engineering, 46(4), 293-302 (2004).
Fungus	Reactive red 198	1.03x10^-4 mol/g	*Akar et al. (2009)*Akar, S. T., Akar, T. and Cabuk, A., Decolorization of a textile dye Reactive red 198 (RR 198), by Aspergillus parasiticus fungal biosorbent. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 26(02), 399-405 (2009).
Fungal biomass (Aspergillus niger)	Acid blue 29 Disperse red 1 Congo red Basic blue 9	64.7 mg/g 0.1 mg/g 1.1 mg/g 8.9 mg/g	Fu and Viraghavan (2003)Fu, Y. and Viraraghavan, T., Column studies for biosorption of dyes from aqueous solutions on immobilised Aspergillus niger fungal biomass. Water SA, 29, 465-472 (2003).
Gulmohor leaves	Methylene blue	120 mg/g (293 K), 178 mg/g (303 K) and 253 mg/g (313K)	*Ponnusami et al. (2009)*Ponnusami, V., Aravindhan, R., Karthiraj, N., Ramadoss, G. and Srivastawa, S. N., Adsorption of Ethylene blue onto gulmohar plant leaf powder: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. J. Environmental Protection Science, 3, 1-10 (2009).
Used tea leaves carbon	Malachite green Methylene blue	444.44 mg/g 454.5 mg/g	Singh and Rastogi (2004)Singh, D. K. and Rastogi, K., Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous phase onto activated carbon of used tea leaves: A kinetic and thermodynamic study. J. Environmental Science and Engineering, 46(4), 293-302 (2004).
Agave (Americana (L.) leaves fibres	Alpacide yellow	16.97 mg/g(20 °C), 15.79 mg/g (30 °C) and 21.41 mg/g (50 °C)	*Hamissa et al. (2008)*Hamissa, A. M., Ncibi, M. C., Mahjoub and Seffen, M., Biosorption of metal dye from aqueous solution onto Agave americana (L.) leaves. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 5(4), 501-508 (2008).
Pandanus leaves	Congo red	21.491 mg/g (30 °C), 20.267 mg/g (40 °C), 20.069 mg/g (50 °C), 18.928 mg/g (60 °C)	Hema and Arivoli (2007)Hema, M. and Arivoli, S., Comparative study on the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of dye onto acid activated low cost adsorbent. International J. Physical Science, 2(1), 10-17 (2007).
Pandanus leaves	Malachite green	9.737 mg/g (30 °C), 9.624 mg/g (40 °C), 9.633 mg/g (50 °C), 9.569 mg/g (60 °C)	Hema and Arivoli (2007)Hema, M. and Arivoli, S., Comparative study on the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of dye onto acid activated low cost adsorbent. International J. Physical Science, 2(1), 10-17 (2007).
Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaf	Crystal violet	67.57- 22.47 mg/g depending on processing of adsorbent.	Nagda and Ghole (2008)Nanda, G. K. and Ghole, V. S., Utilisation of lignocellulosic waste from bidi industry for removal of dye from aqueous solution. Int. J. of Environmental Research, 2(4), 385-390 (2008).
Tuberose sticks	Methylene blue	80% (at pH 11, adsorbent dose 1 g/L, 40 mg/L dye concentration)	*Habib et al. (2006)*Habib, A., Hassa, Z., Rahman, A. S. M. S. and Alam, A. S. M., Tuberose sticks as an adsorbent in the removal of Methylene blue from aqueous solution. Pak J. Environ. Chem., 7(2), 112-115 (2006).
Flame tree (Delonix regia) pods	Crystal violet	16.70 mg/g	Ramakrishna and Nagarajan (2009)Ramakrishnan, M. and Nagarajan, S., Utilization of waste biomass for the removal of basic dyes from water. World Applied Science J., 5 (Special Issue for Environment), 114-121 (2009).
Muntingia calabura Leaves	Methylene blue Methylene red Malachite green	20 mg/g 58 mg/g 32 mg/g	*Santhi et al. (2009)*Santhi, T., Manonmani, S. and Ravi, S., Uptake of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by biosorption onto granular Muntingia calabura. E-J. Chemistry, 6(3), 737-742 (2009).
Water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes)	Acid and reactive dyes	Higher N₂ percent of hyacinths showed higher adsorption capacities	El-Zawahry and Kamel (2004)El-Zawahry, M. M. and Kamel, M. M., Removal of azo and anthraquinone dyes from aqueous solutions by Eichhornia crassipes. Water Research, 38, 2967-2972 (2004).
Seaweed (Luminaries sp.)	Reactive black 5	101.5 mg/g	Vijayaraghavan and Yun (2008)Vijayaraghavan, K. and Yun, Y. S., Biosorption of C.I. Reactive Black 5 from aqueous solution using acid-treated biomass of brown seaweed laminaria sp. Dyes and Pigments, 76, 726-732 (2008).
Sea grass leaf sheaths	Reactive red 228	80% dye removal efficiency at pH 5	*Ncibi et al. (2007)*Ncibi, M. C., Mahjoub, B. and Seffen, M., Adsorptive removal of textile reactive dye using Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibrous biomass. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, 4(4), 433-440 (2007).
Aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata)	Malachite green	91.97 mg/g	*Rajeshkannan et al. (2010)*Rajeshkannan, R., Rajasimman, M. and Rajamohan, N., Removal of Malachite green from aqueous solution using Hydrilla verticillata - optimization, equilibrium and kinetic studies. International J. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2(4), 222-229 (2010).
Teak tree bark	Methyleme blue	333.33 mg/g	*Patil et al. (2011)*Patil, S., Renukdas, S. and Patel, N., Removal of Methylene blue, a basic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption using teak tree (Tectona grandis) bark powder. International J. Environmental Sciences, 1(5), 711-726 (2011).
Oak saw dust	Methylene blue	38.46 mg/g	El-latif et at. (2010)El-Latif, M. M. A., Ibrahim, A. M. and El-Kady, M. F., Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of Methylene blue from aqueous solutions using biopolymer oak sawdust composite. J. American Science, 6(6), 267-283 (2011).
Barley straw	Methylene blue	27.72 mg/g	Abdualhamid and Asil (2011)Abdualhamid, S. A. and Asil, A. A., The effect of soaking process of agricultural wastes on the adsorption of Methylene blue dye. International Food Research J., 18(3), 977-981 (2011).
Wheat straw	Methylene blue	17.54 mg/g	Abdualhamid and Asil (2011)Abdualhamid, S. A. and Asil, A. A., The effect of soaking process of agricultural wastes on the adsorption of Methylene blue dye. International Food Research J., 18(3), 977-981 (2011).
Oat straw	Methylene blue	8.34 mg/g	Abdualhamid and Asil (2011)Abdualhamid, S. A. and Asil, A. A., The effect of soaking process of agricultural wastes on the adsorption of Methylene blue dye. International Food Research J., 18(3), 977-981 (2011).
Papaya seeds	Methylene blue	250.0 mg/g (esterified adsorbent) 200 mg/g (natural adsorbent)	*Nashuha et al. (2011)*Nasuha, N., Zurainan, H. Z., Maarof, H. I., Zubir, N. A. and Amri, N., Effect of cationic and anionic dye adsorption from aqueous solution by using chemically modified papaya seed. International Conference on Environment Science and Engineering, IPCBEE, Singapore, 8, 50-54 (2011).
Annona squamosa seeds	Methylene blue Methylene red Malachite green	8.52 mg/g 40.48 mg/g 25.91 mg/g	*Santhi et al. (2010)*Santhi, T., Manonmani, S. and Ravi, S., Uptake of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by biosorption onto granular Muntingia calabura. E-J. Chemistry, 6(3), 737-742 (2009).
Hen feathers	Tartrazine (azo dye)	47% (30 °C), 52% (40 °C), 55% (50 °C)	*Mittal et al. (2007)*Mittal, A., Kurup, L. and Mittal, J., Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms and kinetics for the removal of Tartrazine from aqueous solutions using hen feathers. J. Hazardous Materials, 146, 243-248 (2007).
Chitosan	FD&C Red n° 40 dye	1065.8 μmol/g (308 K), 1061.4 μmol/g (318 K), 800.8 μmol/g (328 K), 508.5 μmol/g (338 K)	*Piccin et al. (2011)*Piccin, J. S., Dotto, G. L. and Pinto, L. A. A., Adsorption isotherms and thermochemical data of FD&C Red n° 40 binding by Chitosan. Brazilian J. Chemical Engineering, 28(2), 295-304 (2011).
Cotton fibres	Reactive red 120 Reactive black 5	11.63 mg/g 6.22 mg/g	*Gamal et al. (2010)*Gamal, A. M., Farha, S. A. A., Sallam, H. B., Mahmoud, G. E. A. and Ismil, L. F. M., Kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysis of reactive dyes adsorption onto cotton fiber. Nature and Science, 8(11), 95-110 (2010).
Commercial activated carbon	Turquoise blue QG reactive bye	140.14 mg/g	*Schimmel et al. (2010)*Schimmel, D., Fagnani, K. C., Santos, J. B., Barros, M. A. S. D. and Silva, E., Adsorption of turquoise blue QG reactive bye commercial activated carbon in batch reactor: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Brazilian J. Chemical Engineering, 27(2), 289-298 (2010).

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