Análise fitoquímica e origem botânica de uma amostra de pólen apícola do município de Canavieiras, Estado da Bahia, Brasil

Negri, Giuseppina; Barreto, Lidia Maria Ruv Carelli; Sper, Fábia Lugli; Carvalho, Claudemir de; Campos, Maria das Graças Ribeiro

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Brazilian Journal of Food Technology

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Brasil

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Sumário

Original Article • Braz. J. Food Technol. 21 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.17616 copiar

Análise fitoquímica e origem botânica de uma amostra de pólen apícola do município de Canavieiras, Estado da Bahia, Brasil

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Uma amostra de pólen apícola de abelhas Apis mellifera , coletada no Estado da Bahia, foi estudada com o objetivo de identificar a sua origem botânica e a sua composição química. A amostra de pólen apícola foi coletada no município de Canavieiras, em uma área onde ocorre a predominância de Cocos nucifera L (Aracaceae), a qual foi identificada como o maior táxon (99%) desta amostra, podendo ser considerada a origem botânica deste pólen. Os principais constituintes encontrados no extrato não polar, que foi analisado por CG-EM, foram ácidos graxos saturados e ésteres de cadeia longa, além de esteroides, tais como ergosta-5,24(28)-dieno-3-ol, campesterol e sitosterol, os quais foram detectados em menor quantidade. Flavonoides glicosídeos e amidas derivadas do ácido hidroxicinâmico foram encontrados no extrato polar, que foi analisado por HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A presença de flavonoides glicosídeos e amidas derivadas do ácido hidroxicinâmico, ácidos graxos e esteroides foi reportada em muitas amostras de pólen, por vários autores. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia a composição química de uma amostra de pólen originada de Cocos nucifera L, uma planta que é cultivada para a produção do coco.

Palavras-chave:
Pólen apícola; Cocos nucifera; Ácidos graxos; Flavonoides glicosídeos; Esteroides

Analyses	Contents	Acceptable level
Moisture	24.4% ^* * non dried sample.	Maximum 30%
Ash	2.54%	Maximum 4% (m/m) dry basis
Protein	13.15%	Minimum 8% (m/m) dry basis
Total sugar	33.27%	14.5 to 55 (%) dry basis
Total acidity	32.0 meg/kg	Maximum 300 meg/kg
pH	4	4 to 6
Lipid	2.70%	Minimum 1.8% (m/m) dry basis

N^o	Tr Min.	IE - [M]⁺ *m/z*	Main mass fragments *m/z*	Identification
1	24.61	256 (13) C₁₆H₃₂O₂	213 (14), 185 (11), 171 (11), 157 (13), 129 (34), 115 (13), 97 (18), 87 (21), 73 (100)	Palmitic acid - (n-hexadecanoic acid) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
2	25.87	272 (26) C₂₀H₃₂	257 (54), 229 (47), 213 (40), 201 (11), 187 (21), 175 (25), 161 (23), 147 (51), 133 (36), 125 (64), 119 (55),109 (42), 105 (84)	Kaur-16-ene ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
3	27.86	280 (3) C₁₈H₃₂O₂	151 (3), 137 (4), 123 (8),110 (12), 107 (12), 95 (51), 93 (28)	Linoleic acid - (9,12-octadecenoic acid) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
4	27.99	282 (1) C₁₈H₃₄O₂	264 (4), 139 (3), 125 (5), 121 (7), 111 (11), 98 (21), 95 (30)	Oleic acid - (9(Z)-octadecenoic acid) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
5	28.33	284 (21) C₁₈H₃₆O₂	241 (13), 185 (18), 129 (33), 97 (25), 83 (28), 73 (100)	Stearic acid - (n-octadecanoic acid) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
6	34.02	352 (1) C₂₅H₅₂	127 (5), 113 (7), 99 (13), 85 (40), 71 (57)	n-pentacosane ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
7	34.24	270 (3) C₁₇H₃₄O₂	239 (24), 134 (34), 129 (12), 112 (24), 98 (100)	hexanoic acid undecyl ester ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
8	35.25	340 (26) C₂₂H₄₄O₂	297 (10), 185 (13), 129 (31), 97 (25), 83 (29), 73 (100)	Behenic acid -(docosanoic acid) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
9	37.19	380 (1) C₂₇H₅₆	130 (26), 117 (27), 111 (7), 99 (14), 97 (13), 85 (38), 71 (58), 57 (100)	n-heptacosane ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
10	37.64	382 (2) C₂₅H₅₀O₂	285 (6), 267 (24), 134 (28), 112 (26), 98 (100)	hexanoic acid nonadecyl ester ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
11	38.32	368 (25) C₂₄H₄₈O₂	325 (7), 185 (10), 129 (30), 97 (25), 85 (30), 73 (100)	tetracosanoic acid ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
12	38.80	410 (1) C₃₀H₅₀	121 (10), 95 (15), 81 (55), 69 (100)	squalene ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
13	39.85	350 (1) C₂₅H₅₀	139 (8), 125 (17), 111 (37), 97 (68), 83 (90)	9-pentacosene ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
14	40.08	408 (1) C₂₉H₆₀	99 (13), 97 (11), 85 (38), 83 (11)	n-nonacosane ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
15	40.18	378 (1) C₂₇H₅₄	139 (8), 125 (21), 111 (44), 97 (100), 85 (21)	9-heptacosene ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
16	42.54	434 (2) C₃₁H₆₂	139 (9), 125 (21), 111 (37), 97 (100)	9-hentriacontene ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
17	44.25	398 (5) C₂₈H₄₆O	383 (4), 365 (4), 314 (55), 299 (21), 281 (31), 271 (28), 229 (22), 173 (10), 161 (13), 159 (19), 145 (28), 133 (29), 105 (43)	Ergosta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
18	44.40	400 (21) C₂₈H₄₈O	385 (9), 382 (10), 367 (10), 315 (21), 281 (15), 213 (16), 163 (20), 159 (21), 147 (27), 145 (30), 133 (28), 121 (25), 117 (45), 109 (29), 107 (38),	Campesterol - (ergost-5-en-3-ol) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
19	45.16	462 (2) C₃₃H₆₆	153 (5), 139 (11), 125 (22), 111 (36), 97 (100)	13-tritriacontene ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
20	45.54	414 (40) C₂₉H₅₀O	399 (15), 396 (21), 381 (15), 329 (35), 303 (26), 163 (28), 157 (14), 143 (23),149 (18), 145 (42, 133 (36), 119 (34), 107 (50), 105 (45), 95 (90)	sitosterol - (stigmast-5-en-3-ol) ^a a Compounds identified by comparing the electron impact (EI) mass spectra and the retention times with those of the corresponding pure standards;
21	45.72	412 (2) C₂₉H₄₈O	314 (100), 299 (17), 281 (34), 229 (21), 211 (13), 145 (17), 133 (17), 117 (22), 105 (20)	Fucosterol - (5,24(28)-Stigmastadien-3β-ol) ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
22	46.33	410 (11) C₂₉H₄₆O	367 (8), 297 (10), 281 (14), 269 (17), 245 (10), 207 (30), 147 (20), 133 (21), 123 (17), 117 (23), 109 (17), 105 (18)	5,24(28)-Stigmastadien-3-one^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
23	47.09	412 (14) C₂₉H₄₈O	397 (4), 289 (14), 281 (14), 229 (34), 218 (33), 147 (26), 135 (30), 124 (100), 109 (30)	Stigmast-4-en-3-one ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
24	48.56	508 (6) C₃₄H₆₈O₂	281 (15), 257 (30), 207 (33), 111 (20), 109 (10), 97 (90)	hexadecanoic acid octadecyl ester - (stearyl palmitate) ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .
25	51.10	536 C₃₆H₇₂O₂	281 (25), 264 (15), 111 (21), 109 (20), 97 (80)	octadecanoic acid octadecyl ester – (stearyl stearate) ^b b Compounds identified based on the comparison between the electron impact (EI) mass spectra, the mass spectral data reported in the GC-MS computer databases (Wiley 275, Wiley 229 and NIST 21), and the mass spectral data reported by Kaffarnik et al. (2014) and Olvera-Garcia et al. (2015) .

No	Tr Min.		HPLC/DAD UV nm	HPLC/(+)ESI-MS/MS m/z (%base peak)	HPLC/ (-)ESI-MS/MS m/z (%base peak)	Proposed structure
26	5.9		300		[M - H]^- - 341 MS/MS – 179 (100), 161 (50)	6-O-caffeoyl glucoside
27	6.5				[M - H]^- - 195	trihydroxycinnamic acid
28	22.0		260-355		[M - H]^- - 609 MS/MS - 300	quercetin-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside
29	22.6		260-355		[M - H]^- - 639 MS/MS – 477 (50), 315 (100)	isorhamnetin-di-3,7-O-glucoside ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
30	23.1		260-355	[M + H]⁺ - 771 MS/MS – 625 (90), 479 (50), 317 (100)	[M - H]^- - 769 MS/MS – 623 (50), 605 (90), 315 (100)	Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2”,3”-O-dirhamnosyl)glucoside ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
31	24.6		260-355	[M + Na]⁺ - 647 MS/MS – 501 (30), 331 (100) [M + H]⁺ - 625 MS/MS – 479 (20), 317 (100)	[M - H]^- - 623 MS/MS – 459 (60), 314 (100), 299 (40)	isorhamnetin-3-O-(2”-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
32	27.4		330	[M + Na]⁺ - 654 MS/MS – 492 (100), 330 (50) [M + H]⁺ - 632 MS/MS – 470 (100), 452 (20)	[M - H]^- - 630 MS/MS – 494 (80), 468 (100), 358 (40), 332 (35)	N’,N”,N’”-tris-caffeoyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
33	26.8	260-355			[M - H]^- - 447 MS/MS – 301	quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside - (quercetrin) ^b b quercetin was also identified using standards.
34	27.4				[M - H]^- - 665 MS/MS – 623 (40), 501 (50), 314 (100), 299 (60)	isorhamnetin-3-O-(2”-O-rhamnosyl acetyl) glucoside ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
35	27.8	330		[M + Na]⁺ - 638 MS/MS – 476 (100), 314 (20) [M + H]+ - 616 MS/MS – 454 (100), 436 (18)	[M - H]^-- 614 MS/MS – 478 (100), 452 (80), 358 (70)	N’,N”-dicaffeoyl,N’”-coumaroyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
36	28.7	330		[M + H]⁺ - 646 MS/MS – 484 (50), 470 (50), 452 (100)	[M - H]^-- 644 MS/MS – 508 (100), 482 (30), 468 (30)	N’,N”-dicaffeoyl,N’”-feruloyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
37	29.6	330		[M + H]⁺ - 630 MS/MS – 468 (30), 454 (50), 436 (100)	[M - H]^- - 628 MS/MS – 508 (50), 492 (100), 452 (30), 372 (40), 358 (20)	N’-caffeoyl-N”-feruloyl,N’”-coumaroyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
38	30.2	330		[M + H]⁺ - 600 MS/MS – 454 (10), 438 (100), 420 (30)	[M - H]^- - 598 MS/MS – 478 (100), 358 (60)	N’-caffeoyl-N”,N’”- dicoumaroylspermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
39	31.0	330		[M + Na]⁺ - 606 MS/MS – 460 (10) [M + H]⁺ - 584 MS/MS – 438 (80), 420 (100)	[M - H]- 582 MS/MS – 462 (100), 342 (50)	N’,N”,N’”-tris-p-coumaroyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
40	31.6	330		[M + Na]⁺ - 647 MS/MS – 331 [M + H]⁺ - 625 MS/MS – 317 (100), 309 (70)	[M - H]^- - 623 MS/MS – 315 (100), 300 (50)	isorhamnetin-3-O-(6”-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
41	32.0	330		[M + H]⁺ - 674 MS/MS – 498 (60), 480 (100)	[M - H]^- - 672 MS/MS – 536 (40), 522 (100)	N’,N”,N’”-tris-p-feruloyl spermidine ^a a Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) , Fellenberg et al. (2009) , Negri et al. (2011) , Freire et al. (2012) , Goupy et al. (2013) , Khallouki et al. (2015) and Mihajlovic et al. (2015). The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;

^a
Identification based on both spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and from the comparison with MS spectral data and the methods reported by Sobolev et al. (2008) SOBOLEV, V. S.; SY, A. A.; GLOER, J. B. Spermidine and flavonoid conjugates from peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) flowers. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, v. 56, n. 9, p. 2960-2969, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf703652a. PMid:18412366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf703652a ... , Fellenberg et al. (2009) FELLENBERG, C.; BÖTTCHER, C.; VOGT, T. Phenylpropanoidpolyamine conjugate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana flower buds. Phytochemistry, v. 70, n. 11, p. 1392-1400, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.010. PMid:19762055.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf200602k ... , Freire et al. (2012) FREIRE, K. R. L.; LINS, A. C. S.; DÓREA, M. C.; SANTOS, F. A. R.; CAMARA, C. A.; SILVA, T. M. S. Palynological origin, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of honeybee-collected pollen from Bahia, Brazil. Molecules, v. 17, n. 2, p. 1652-1664, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021652. PMid:22314384.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2... . The aglycones of compounds 28-31, 33 and 34 were identified using quercetin and isorhamnetin standards from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO;
^b
quercetin was also identified using standards.

Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos - ITAL Av. Brasil, 2880, 13070-178 Campinas - SP / Brasil, Tel 55 19 3743-1762 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
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[1] * Giuseppina Negri, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Rua Botucatu, 740, Vila Clementino, São Paulo/SP - Brasil, e-mail: gnegri@terra.com.br