A cheia de 2009 na Amazônia Brasileira

Vale, Roseilson do; Filizola, Naziano; Souza, Rodrigo; Schongart, Jochen

doi:10.25249/0375-7536.2011414577586

Resumo:

O ano de 2009 se mostrou atípico do ponto de vista hidrológico em relação ao período e intensidade de cheia climatológica de alguns dos principais rios da Bacia Amazônica. Dentro desse contexto, busca-se, no presente estudo, entender como uma resposta heterogênea dos rios está relacionada com uma anomalia de precipitação de grande escala. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da cheia de 2009 na Amazônia Brasileira com apoio em dados hidrometeorológicos. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de cota das estações de Tabatinga (Rio Solimões), Fonte Boa (Rio Solimões), Manaus (Rio Negro), Moura (Rio Negro), Borba (Rio Madeira) e Óbidos (Rio Amazonas) e estimativas remotas de radiação de onda longa (ROL) sobre cada um dos sítios citados anteriormente e ainda as estações de Serrinha (Alto Rio Negro) e Porto Velho (Rio Madeira). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as causas da cheia não ocorreram de forma simultânea na bacia, e sim devido aos efeitos combinados de translação da onda de cheia na bacia, presença de grandes áreas de várzeas e pelas atividades convectivas nos diferentes sítios analisados. Esse efeito combinado produziu uma cheia recorde inicialmente à jusante da bacia amazônica, em Óbidos - PA e, posteriormente, na parte central em Manaus - AM.

Palavras-chave:
cheia; cota; ROL

Abstract:

The year of 2009 was atypical concerning hydrology and the period the mean intensity climatic flood of some major rivers of the Amazon Basin. Within this context, we attempt to understand how a heterogeneous response of rivers is related to a large scale precipitation anomaly. This paper presents an analysis of the 2009 flood in Brazilian Amazon. For this, hydrometric data were used to best identify the season at Tabatinga (Rio Solimões), Manaus (Rio Negro), Borba (Rio Madeira) and Óbidos (Amazon) stations and long-wave radiation (LWR) estimated by remote sensing under each analyzed site. The results suggest that the flood causes do not occurred at the same time in the basin, but due to the combined effects of flood-wave translation into the basin and convective activities reaction by rivers in the different analyzed sites. This combined effect produced the highest record flood at the downstream region of the Amazon River as registered in Óbidos, PA (the Óbidos centennial flood).

Keywords:
flood; level; OLR

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Referências

Chelliah M., & Arkin P. 1992. Large-scale Interannual Variability of Monthly Outgoing Longwave Radiation Anomalies Over the Global Tropics. Journal of Climate, 5:371-389.
Dutton J.F., Cris J.P., & Jenni L.E. 2000. The Effect of Global Climate Change on the Regions of Tropical Convection in CSM1. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27(19):3049-3052.
Filizola N.P., Guyot J.L., Guimarães V.S., Molinier M., Oliveira E. de, Freitas M.A.V. 2002. Caracterização Hidrológica da Bacia Amazônica. In: Rivas A., & Freitas C.E.C. (orgs.) Amazônia - uma perspectiva interdisciplinar Manaus, Ed. EDUA, p. 33-54.
Fisch G., Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A. 1998. Uma Revisão Geral Sobre o Clima da Amazônia. Acta Amazônica, 28(2):101-126.
Guyot J.L., Callede J., Molinier M., Guimarães W., de Oliveira E. 1997. La Variabilite Hydrologique Actuelle dans Le Bassin de L’Amazone. In: Seminário Internacional Conseqüências Climáticas e Hidrológicas Del Evento El Niño a Escala Regional y Local, Memórias Técnicas, p. 285-293.
IPCC. 2007. Core Writing Team, Pachauri R.K., Reisinger A. (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Geneva, IPCC, 104 p.
INPE/CPTEC. 2009. Boletins climáticos Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.cptec.inpe.br/ Acessado em: 01/07/2009.
» http://www.cptec.inpe.br/
Junk W.J. 1997. The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Pulsing System. Berlin, Springer, 548 p.
Junk W.J., Bayley P.B., Sparks R.E. 1989. The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems. Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 106:110-127.
Lau K.M., Wu H.T., Bony S. 1997. The Role of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in the Relationship Between Tropical Convection and Sea Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 10:318-392.
Marengo J. 1992. Interannual Variability of Surface Climate in the Amazon Basin, Int. J. Climatol, 12:853-863.
Marengo J.A., & Hastenrath S. 1993. Case Studies of Extreme Climatic Events in the Amazon Basin. Journal of Climate, 6(4):617-627.
Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A., Sampaio G. 1998a. On the Associations Between Hydrometeorological Conditions in Amazônia and the Extremes of the Southern Oscillation. Bull. Inst. fr. études andines, 27(13)789-802.
Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A., Tomasella J., Cardoso M.F., Oyama M.D. 2008. Hydro-Climatic and Ecological Behaviour of the Drought of Amazonia in 2005. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society, 363:1773-1778.
Marengo J.J., Tomasella J., Uvo C. 1998b. Trends in Streamflow and Rainfall in Tropical South America: Amazonia, eastern Brazil, and northwestern Peru, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D2):1775-1783.
Meade R.H., Rayol J.M., Conceição S.C., Natividade J.R.G. 1991. Backwater Effects in the Amazon River Basin of Brazil. Environ. Geol. Water Sci, 18(2):105-114.
Mertes L.A.K., Daniel D.L., Melack J.M., Nelson B., Martinelli L.A., Forsberg B.R. 1995. Spatial Patterns Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Vegetation on the Floodplain of the Amazon River in Brazil from a Remote Sensing Perspective. Geomorphology, 13:215-232.
Molinier M., Guyot J.L., de Oliveira E., Guimarães W. 1996. Les Régimes Hydroliques de L’Amazone et de sés Affluents. In: Chevalier P., & Pouyaud B. (eds.) Hydrologie Tropicale: Géoscience et Outil Pour Le Développement (Tropical Hydrology: a Geoscience and a Tool for Sustainability) Wallingford, IAHS, p. 209-222.
Molinier M., Guyot J.L., de Oliveira E., Guimarães V., Chaves A. 1993. Hydrologie Du Bassin de L’Amazone. In: Olivry J.C., & Boulègue J. (eds.) Grands Bassins Fluviaux Périatlantiques: Congo, Niger, Amazone Paris, ORSTOM, p. 335-344.
Richey J., Nobre C., Deser C. 1989. Amazon River Discharge and Climate Variability: 1903 to 1985. Science, 246:101- 103.
Ronchail J., Cochonneau G., Molinier M., Guyot J.L., Chaves A.G.M., Guimarães V.O.E. 2002. Interannual Rainfall Variability in the Amazon Basin and Sea-Surface Temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific and the Tropical Atlantic Oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 22:1663-1686.
Ronchail J., Labat D., Callede J., Cochonneau G., Guyot J.L., Filizola N., de Oliveira E. 2005. Discharge Variability with in the Amazon Basin. In: Franks S., Wagener T., Bogh E., Gupta H.V., Bastidas L., Nobre C., Galvão C.O. (eds.) Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climatic Change: Hydroclimatic variability Wallingford, IAHS, p. 21-29.
Sioli H. 1975. Amazon Tributaries and Drainage Basins. In: Hasler A.D. (ed.) Conpling of Land and Water System Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 199-213.
Uvo C.B., Töle U., Berndtsson R. 2000. Forecasting Discharge in Amazon Using Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Climatology, 20:1495-1507.
Uvo C.B., & Graham N. 1998. Seasonal Runoff Forecast for Northern South America: A Statistical Model. Water. Resource Research, 34:3515-3524.
Wang C. 2002. Atlantic Climate Variability and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulations Cells. Journal of Climate, 15:399-419.
Xie P., & Arkin A. 1998. Global Monthly Precipitation Estimates from Satellite-Observed Outgoing Longwave Radiation. J. Climate, 11:137-164.
Zeng N., Yoon J.H., Marengo J.A., Subramaniam A., Nobre C.A., Mariotti A., Neelin J.D. 2008. Causes and Impacts of the 2005 Amazon Drought. Environmental Research Letters, 3(014002):1-10 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014002].
» https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014002

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Oct-Dec 2011

Histórico

Recebido
30 Jun 2010
Aceito
21 Dez 2011

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] Chelliah M., & Arkin P. 1992. Large-scale Interannual Variability of Monthly Outgoing Longwave Radiation Anomalies Over the Global Tropics. Journal of Climate, 5:371-389.

[2] Dutton J.F., Cris J.P., & Jenni L.E. 2000. The Effect of Global Climate Change on the Regions of Tropical Convection in CSM1. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27(19):3049-3052.

[3] Filizola N.P., Guyot J.L., Guimarães V.S., Molinier M., Oliveira E. de, Freitas M.A.V. 2002. Caracterização Hidrológica da Bacia Amazônica. In: Rivas A., & Freitas C.E.C. (orgs.) Amazônia - uma perspectiva interdisciplinar Manaus, Ed. EDUA, p. 33-54.

[4] Fisch G., Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A. 1998. Uma Revisão Geral Sobre o Clima da Amazônia. Acta Amazônica, 28(2):101-126.

[5] Guyot J.L., Callede J., Molinier M., Guimarães W., de Oliveira E. 1997. La Variabilite Hydrologique Actuelle dans Le Bassin de L’Amazone. In: Seminário Internacional Conseqüências Climáticas e Hidrológicas Del Evento El Niño a Escala Regional y Local, Memórias Técnicas, p. 285-293.

[6] IPCC. 2007. Core Writing Team, Pachauri R.K., Reisinger A. (eds.) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Geneva, IPCC, 104 p.

[7] INPE/CPTEC. 2009. Boletins climáticos Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.cptec.inpe.br/ Acessado em: 01/07/2009.
» http://www.cptec.inpe.br/

[8] Junk W.J. 1997. The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Pulsing System. Berlin, Springer, 548 p.

[9] Junk W.J., Bayley P.B., Sparks R.E. 1989. The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems. Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 106:110-127.

[10] Lau K.M., Wu H.T., Bony S. 1997. The Role of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in the Relationship Between Tropical Convection and Sea Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 10:318-392.

[11] Marengo J. 1992. Interannual Variability of Surface Climate in the Amazon Basin, Int. J. Climatol, 12:853-863.

[12] Marengo J.A., & Hastenrath S. 1993. Case Studies of Extreme Climatic Events in the Amazon Basin. Journal of Climate, 6(4):617-627.

[13] Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A., Sampaio G. 1998a. On the Associations Between Hydrometeorological Conditions in Amazônia and the Extremes of the Southern Oscillation. Bull. Inst. fr. études andines, 27(13)789-802.

[14] Marengo J.A., Nobre C.A., Tomasella J., Cardoso M.F., Oyama M.D. 2008. Hydro-Climatic and Ecological Behaviour of the Drought of Amazonia in 2005. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society, 363:1773-1778.

[15] Marengo J.J., Tomasella J., Uvo C. 1998b. Trends in Streamflow and Rainfall in Tropical South America: Amazonia, eastern Brazil, and northwestern Peru, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D2):1775-1783.

[16] Meade R.H., Rayol J.M., Conceição S.C., Natividade J.R.G. 1991. Backwater Effects in the Amazon River Basin of Brazil. Environ. Geol. Water Sci, 18(2):105-114.

[17] Mertes L.A.K., Daniel D.L., Melack J.M., Nelson B., Martinelli L.A., Forsberg B.R. 1995. Spatial Patterns Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Vegetation on the Floodplain of the Amazon River in Brazil from a Remote Sensing Perspective. Geomorphology, 13:215-232.

[18] Molinier M., Guyot J.L., de Oliveira E., Guimarães W. 1996. Les Régimes Hydroliques de L’Amazone et de sés Affluents. In: Chevalier P., & Pouyaud B. (eds.) Hydrologie Tropicale: Géoscience et Outil Pour Le Développement (Tropical Hydrology: a Geoscience and a Tool for Sustainability) Wallingford, IAHS, p. 209-222.

[19] Molinier M., Guyot J.L., de Oliveira E., Guimarães V., Chaves A. 1993. Hydrologie Du Bassin de L’Amazone. In: Olivry J.C., & Boulègue J. (eds.) Grands Bassins Fluviaux Périatlantiques: Congo, Niger, Amazone Paris, ORSTOM, p. 335-344.

[20] Richey J., Nobre C., Deser C. 1989. Amazon River Discharge and Climate Variability: 1903 to 1985. Science, 246:101- 103.

[21] Ronchail J., Cochonneau G., Molinier M., Guyot J.L., Chaves A.G.M., Guimarães V.O.E. 2002. Interannual Rainfall Variability in the Amazon Basin and Sea-Surface Temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific and the Tropical Atlantic Oceans. International Journal of Climatology, 22:1663-1686.

[22] Ronchail J., Labat D., Callede J., Cochonneau G., Guyot J.L., Filizola N., de Oliveira E. 2005. Discharge Variability with in the Amazon Basin. In: Franks S., Wagener T., Bogh E., Gupta H.V., Bastidas L., Nobre C., Galvão C.O. (eds.) Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climatic Change: Hydroclimatic variability Wallingford, IAHS, p. 21-29.

[23] Sioli H. 1975. Amazon Tributaries and Drainage Basins. In: Hasler A.D. (ed.) Conpling of Land and Water System Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 199-213.

[24] Uvo C.B., Töle U., Berndtsson R. 2000. Forecasting Discharge in Amazon Using Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Climatology, 20:1495-1507.

[25] Uvo C.B., & Graham N. 1998. Seasonal Runoff Forecast for Northern South America: A Statistical Model. Water. Resource Research, 34:3515-3524.

[26] Wang C. 2002. Atlantic Climate Variability and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulations Cells. Journal of Climate, 15:399-419.

[27] Xie P., & Arkin A. 1998. Global Monthly Precipitation Estimates from Satellite-Observed Outgoing Longwave Radiation. J. Climate, 11:137-164.

[28] Zeng N., Yoon J.H., Marengo J.A., Subramaniam A., Nobre C.A., Mariotti A., Neelin J.D. 2008. Causes and Impacts of the 2005 Amazon Drought. Environmental Research Letters, 3(014002):1-10 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014002].
» https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/014002

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