Motion maps derived from optical satellite images: the case study of the East Anatolian Fault (Türkiye)

On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes shook the southern and central Türkiye causing significant loss of human life and devastating many cities. These are related to the active East Anatolian Fault (EAF). In this study, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique is applied to map the coseismic displacements. For that, a pair of scenes from the Sentinel-2 satellite acquired before and after the seismic events was used. The results showed that the methodological approach can be effectively used to map and monitor large-scale geological phenomena and can assist in seismic risk assessment.

KEYWORDS:
digital image correlation; neotectonics; remote sensing; deformation; structural geology

Authorship

Marcos Eduardo Hartwig ^** Corresponding author.

Conceptualization

methodology

formal analysis

project administration

supervision

validation

writing – original draft

writing – review & editing

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Department of Geology – Alegre (ES), Brazil. E-mails: marcos.hartwig@ufes.br, cicero.botacin@edu.ufes.brUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilAlegre, ES, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Department of Geology – Alegre (ES), Brazil. E-mails: marcos.hartwig@ufes.br, cicero.botacin@edu.ufes.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-7506

Cícero Dias Bottacin

investigation

visualization

writing – original draft

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-6998-6299

Carlos Henrique Grohmann

writing – review & editing

Universidade de São Paulo, Institute of Energy and Environment – São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mail: guano@usp.brUniversidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, Institute of Energy and Environment – São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mail: guano@usp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-5572

* Corresponding author.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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Figures

Figures (4)

Thumbnail

Figure 1.
Tectonic map of Türkiye and surroundings.

Thumbnail

Figure 2.
E-W displacement maps generated using the DIC technique for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and (D) 8. Solid black lines represent the East Anatolian Fault. The arrows indicate the relative displacement vectors. Displacements are measured in meters.

Thumbnail

Figure 3.
N-S displacement maps generated using the DIC technique for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and 8 (D) 8. (E) A-A´ displacement profile. Black solid lines represent the East Anatolian Fault. The arrows indicate the relative displacement vectors, and rectangles indicate regions with new cracks. Displacements are measured in meters.

Thumbnail

Figure 4.
SNR maps for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and (D) 8. Black solid lines represent the East Anatolian Fault.

Figure 1. Tectonic map of Türkiye and surroundings.

AN: Anatolian plate; AF: African plate; AR: Arabic plate; EU: Eurasian plate; NAF: North Anatolian Fault; EAF: East Anatolian Fault; DSF: Dead Sea Fault; SAT: Southeast Anatolian Thrust Zone; MF: Malatya fault, TF: Tuzgo¨lu¨ fault; EF: Ecemis fault.Source: after Taymaz et al. (2007)Taymaz T., Yilmaz Y., Dilek Y. 2007. The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia: introduction. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 291(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP291.1
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP291.1... ; Duman and Emre (2013)Duman T.Y., Emre Ö. 2013. The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 372(1):495-529. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP372.14
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP372.14... ; Karabacak and Altunel (2013)Karabacak V., Altunel E. 2013. Evolution of the northern Dead Sea fault zone in Southern Türkiye. Journal of Geodynamics, 65:282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.01... ; Tari et al. (2013)Tari U., Tüysüz O., Genç Ş.C., İmren C., Blacwell B.A.B., Lom N., Tekeşin Ö., Üsküplü S., Erel L., Atiok S., Beyhan M. 2013. The geology and morphology of the Antakya Graben between the Amik Triple Junction and the Cyprus Arc. Geodinamica Acta, 26(1-2):27-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2013.858962
https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2013.85... ; and Aktuğ et al. (2016)Aktuğ B., Özener H., Doğru A., Sabuncu A., Turgut B., Halicioğlu K., Yilmaz O. 2016. Slip rates and seismic potential on the East Anatolian Fault System using an improved GPS velocity field. Journal of Geodynamics, 94-95:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.00... .

Figure 2. E-W displacement maps generated using the DIC technique for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and (D) 8. Solid black lines represent the East Anatolian Fault. The arrows indicate the relative displacement vectors. Displacements are measured in meters.

AM: Amanos Mountains.

Figure 3. N-S displacement maps generated using the DIC technique for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and 8 (D) 8. (E) A-A´ displacement profile. Black solid lines represent the East Anatolian Fault. The arrows indicate the relative displacement vectors, and rectangles indicate regions with new cracks. Displacements are measured in meters.

AM: Amanos Mountains.

Figure 4. SNR maps for spectral bands (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 4, and (D) 8. Black solid lines represent the East Anatolian Fault.

AM: Amanos Mountains.

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Motion maps derived from optical satellite images: the case study of the East Anatolian Fault (Türkiye)

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[1] * Corresponding author.