Colonization and community development of fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs

Folpp, Heath; Lowry, Michael; Gregson, Marcus; Suthers, Iain M.

Abstracts

Despite the long history of the development of artificial structures in NSW estuaries there are no studies that provide any comprehensive scientific evaluation of post-deployment goals. We assessed the effectiveness of estuarine artificial reefs as a fisheries enhancement initiative; described the diversity and abundance of species associated with them, and detailed the patterns of colonization and community development associated with an artificial reef deployment in Lake Macquarie, a large coastal barrier lagoon on the southeast coast of Australia. Six artificial reefs (one artificial reef group), constructed from artificial reef units (Reef Balls®), were deployed in December 2005 and sampled six times per season over two years using baited remote underwater video (BRUV). Colonization of the artificial reef group was relatively rapid with the majority of species identified over the two-year study period observed within the first year post-deployment. Overall, 27 species from 17 families were identified. Key colonising species included Pelates sexlineatus (Terapontidae), Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae), Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) and Rhabdosargus sarba (Sparidae). Species richness showed evidence of potential seasonal fluctuations, being higher in warm water months (Summer/Autumn), and lower in the colder water months (Winter/Spring), while species diversity increased significantly with reef age. Fish assemblage composition remained relatively stable after the first year of sampling, with few discernible patterns in assemblage structure evident after the first year. Distinct separation in reef age groupings was evident during the second year of sampling; a pattern primarily driven by a decrease in abundance of P. sexlineatus, a result of the isolated nature of the artificial reefs and the interrelated effects of density dependence and predation.

Artificial reef; Estuary; Fish; Colonization; Community development; Pelates sexlineatus; Acanthopagrus australis

A despeito da longa história do desenvolvimento de estruturas artificiais nos estuários de NSW, não existem estudos que apresentem uma avaliação global sobre os efeitos obtidos com o estabelecimento dessas estruturas. No presente trabalho abordamos a efetividade dos recifes artificiais estuarinos como iniciativa para aumento da pesca; descrevemos a diversidade e abundância das espécies a eles associadas; descrevemos os padrões de colonização e o desenvolvimento das comunidades associadas a um recife artificial colocado no Lago Macquaire, extensa lagoa de barreira situada na costa sudeste da Australia. Seis recifes artificiais (formando um único grupo), construídos a partir de unidades artificiais (Reef Balls®), foram lançados em Dezembro de 2005 e amostrados seis vezes a cada estação do ano, durante dois anos, utilizando video subaquático remoto (BRUV). A colonização dentro do grupo de recifes ocorreu de maneira relativamente rápida, sendo que a maioria das espécies identificadas nos dois anos de estudo foi observada durante o primeiro ano de amostragem. Um total de 27 espécies pertencentes a 17 famílias foram identificadas. As espécies chave do processo de colonização foram Pelates sexlineatus (Teraponidae), Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae), Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) and Rhabdosargus sarba (Sparidea). A riqueza de espécies mostrou evidência de sazonalidade, enquanto a diversidade aumentou significativamente com o aumento da idade do recife. A composição da assembléia de peixes permaneceu relativamente estável após o primeiro ano de amostragem, com poucos padrões identificáveis relativos à estrutura. Durante o segundo ano tornou-se evidente a formação de grupos por idade, padrão primariamente ocasionado pelo decréscimo na abundância de P. sexlineatus; por sua vez este decréscimo mostrou ser resultado da natureza isolada do recife artificial e dos efeitos interdependentes de abundância e predação.

Recifes artificias; Estuário; Peixes; Colonização; Desenvolvimento da Ictiofauna; Pelates sexlineatus; Acanthopagrus australis

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
11 Oct 2011
Date of issue
2011

History

Accepted
11 Apr 2011
Reviewed
17 Mar 2011
Received
14 May 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALEVIZON, W. S.; GORHAM, J. C. Effects of artificial reef deployment on nearby resident fishes. Bull. mar. Sci., v., 44, p. 646-661, 1989.

[2] AMBROSE, R. F.; ANDERSON, T. W. Influence of an artificial reef on the surrounding infaunal community. Mar. Biol., v. 107, p. 41-52, 1990.

[3] AULT, T. R.; JOHNSON, C. R. SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY PREDICTABLE FISH COMMUNITIES ON CORAL REEFS. Ecol. Monogr., v. 68, p. 25-50, 1998.

[4] BELL, J. D.; WESTOBY, M. Variation in seagrass height and density over a wide spatial scale: effects on common fish and decapods. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol. v. 104, p. 275-295, 1986.

[5] BOHNSACK, J. A. Are high densities of fishes at artificial reefs the result of habitat limitation or behavioral preference? Bull. mar. Sci.,v. 44, p. 631-645, 1989.

[6] BOHNSACK, J. A.; SUTHERLAND, D. L. Artificial reef research: a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bull. mar. Sci.,v. 37, p. 11-39, 1985.

[7] BOHNSACK, J. A.; TALBOT, F. H. Species-packing by reef fishes on Australian and Caribbean reefs: an experimental approach. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 30, p. 710-723, 1980.

[8] BORNTRAGER, J. F.; FARRELL, T. M. The effect of artificial reef size on species richness and diversity in a Florida estuary. Fla. Scient., v. 55, p. 229-235, 1992.

[9] BORTONE, S. A. Resolving the attraction-production dilemma in artificial reef research: some yeas and nays. Fisheries, v. 23, p. 6-10, 1998.

[10] BORTONE, S. A.; MARTIN, T.; BUNDRICK, C. M. Factors affecting fish assemblage development on a modular artificial reef in a northern Gulf of Mexico estuary. Bull. mar.Sci., v. 55, n. 2, p. 319-332, 1994.

[11] BRANDEN, K. L.; POLLARD, D. A.; REIMERS, H. A. A review of recent artificial reef developments in Australia. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, p. 982-994, 1994.

[12] BURCHMORE, J. J.; POLLARD, D. A.; BELL, J. D.; MIDDLETON, M. J.; PEASE, B. C.; MATTHEWS, J. An ecological comparison of artificial and natural rocky reef fish communities in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 37, p. 70-85, 1985.

[13] BURTON, W. H.; FARRAR, J. S.; STEIMLE, F.; CONLIN, B. Short communication Assessment of out-of-kind mitigation success of an artificial reef deployed in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES J. mar. Sci. ,v. 59, p.S106-S110, 2002.

[14] CAPPO, M.; SPEARE, P.; DEATH, G. Comparison of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and prawn (shrimp) trawls for assessments of fish biodiversity in inter-reefal areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 302, p. 123-152, 2004.

[15] CHAPMAN, M. G.; BULLERI, F. Intertidal seawalls-new features of landscape in intertidal environments. Lands. urban Plan., v. 62, p. 159-172, 2003.

[16] CHAPMAN, M. G.; CLYNICK, B. G. Experiments testing the use of waste material in estuaries as habitat for subtidal organisms. J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol., v. 338, p. 164-178, 2006.

[17] CHAPMAN, M. R.; KRAMER, D. L. Movements of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 57, p. 11-24, 2000.

[18] CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Changes in marine communities: An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, 1994.

[19] CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Changes in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, 2001.

[20] CLYNICK, B. G.; CHAPMAN, M. G.; UNDERWOOD, A. J. Fish assemblages associated with urban structures and natural reefs in Sydney, Australia. Austral Ecol., v. 33, p. 140-150, 2008.

[21] COLL, J.; MORANTA, J.; RENONES, O.; GARCIA-RUBIES, A.; MORENO, I. Influence of substrate and deployment time on fish assemblages on an artificial reef at Formentera Island (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, v. 385, p. 139-152, 1998.

[22] CONNELL, S. D. Is there safety-in-numbers for prey? Oikos, p. 527-532, 2000.

[23] CONNELL, S. D. Effects of a predator and prey on a foraging reef fish: implications for understanding density-dependent growth. J. Fish Biol., v. 60, p. 1551-1561, 2002.

[24] COUTIN, P. Artificial reefs: applications in Victoria from a literature review Melbourne: Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, 2001.

[25] CUMMINGS, S. L. Colonization of a nearshore artificial reef at Boca Raton (Palm Beach County), Florida. Bull. mar. Sci.., v. 55, p. 1193 - 1215, 1994.

[26] DEMARTINI, E. E.; ROBERTS, D. A.; ANDERSON, T. W. Contrasting patterns of fish density and abundance at an artificial rock reef and a cobble-bottom kelp forest. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 44, p. 881-892, 1989.

[27] EYRE, B.; FERGUSON, A. Lake Macquarie Water Quality Review. N.S.W., Australia: Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Southern Cross University, 2002. (Unpublished report).

[28] FERNANDEZ, T. V.; DANNA, G.; BADALAMENTI, F.; PÉREZ-RUZAFA, A. Habitat connectivity as a factor affecting fish assemblages in temperate reefs. Aquat. Biol., v. 1, p. 239-248, 2007.

[29] FOSTER, K. L.; STEIMLE, F. W.; MUIR, W. C.; KROPP, R. K.; CONLIN, B. E. Mitigation Potential of Habitat Replacement: Concrete Artificial Reef in Delaware Bay Preliminary Results. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 55, n. 2, p. 783-795, 1994.

[30] GOLANI, D.; DIAMANT, A. Fish colonization of an artificial reef in the Gulf of Elat, northern Red Sea. Environ. Biol. Fishes, v. 54, p. 275-282, 1999.

[31] GORHAM, J. C.; ALEVIZON, W. S. Habitat complexity and the abundance of juvenile fishes residing on small scale artificial reefs. Bull. mar. Sci.,v. 44, p. 662-665, 1989.

[32] GROSSMAN, G. D.; JONES, G. P.; SEAMAN, W. J. Do artificial Rrefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries, v. 22, p.17-23, 1997.

[33] HANNAN, J. C.; WILLIAMS, R. J. Recruitment of juvenile marine fishes to seagrass habitat in a temperature Australian estuary. Estuaries Coasts, v. 21, 29-51, 1998.

[34] HAUGHTON, M. O.; AIKEN, K. A. Biological notes on artificial reefs in Jamaican waters. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 44, p. 1033-1037, 1989.

[35] HERRERA, R.; ESPINO, F.; GARRIDO, M.; HAROUN, R. J. Observations on fish colonization and predation on two artificial reefs in the Canary Islands. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p. S69, 2002a.

[36] HERRERA, R.; ESPINO, F.; GARRIDO, M.; HAROUN, R. J. Short communication Observations on fish colonization and predation on two artificial reefs in the Canary Islands. ICES J. mar. Sci., v. 59, p.S69-S73, 2002b.

[37] HIXON, M. A. Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities. 1991.

[38] HIXON, M. A.; BEETS, J. P. Predation, prey refuges, and the structure of coral-reef fish assemblages. Ecol.Monogr., v. 77, p. c101, 1993.

[39] HUECKEL, G. J.; BUCKLEY, R. M.; BENSON, B. L. Mitigating rocky habitat loss using artificial reefs. Bull. mar. Sci., v. 44, p. 913-922, 1989.

[40] JOHNSON, D. W. Predation, habitat complexity, and variation in density-dependent mortality of temperate reef fishes. Ecology, v. 87, 1179-1188, 2006.

[41] KAILOLA, P. J.; WILLIAMS, M. J.; STEWART, P. C.; REICHELT, R. E.; MCNEE, A.; GRIEVE, C. Australian fisheries resources Brisbane, AU: Bureau of Resource Sciences and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation,1993.

[42] KERR, S. Artificial reefs in Australia Their construction, location and function. Canberra, AU: Bureau of Rural Resources, 1992.

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Colonization and community development of fish assemblages associated with estuarine artificial reefs

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