Cadmium concentrations in franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) from south brazilian coast

Dorneles, Paulo Renato; Lailson-Brito, José; Secchi, Eduardo Resende; Bassoi, Manuela; Lozinsky, Catarina Pereira Coutinho; Torres, João Paulo Machado; Malm, Olaf

Abstracts

Franciscana dolphins were used as source of information on the bioavailability of cadmium in the neritic waters off South Brazilian Coast. Liver samples obtained from 44 individuals incidentally captured off Rio Grande do Sul State were analyzed by electrothermal AAS. Cadmium concentrations, age, total weight and length of the analyzed dolphins varied between 39 and 4144 µg.kg-1 (wet weight), one and five years, 17.5 and 49.2 kg, and between 105.3 and 156.8 cm, respectively. Concerning hepatic cadmium concentrations of franciscanas, there was no significant difference between data raised by the present study and information from literature, regarding Rio de Janeiro State. The low cadmium concentrations observed may be attributed to the fact that loliginid squids constitute the main cephalopod prey for franciscanas. This study corroborates investigations on cadmium levels in Brazilian squids and strengthened the hypothesis that cephalopods of Loliginidae Family do not constitute important vectors of the transfer of cadmium to cetaceans.

Cadmium; Southwest Atlantic Ocean; Brazil; Franciscana; Dolphin; Cetacean

Franciscanas foram utilizadas como fonte de informação sobre a biodisponibilidade de cádmio em águas neríticas da Costa Sul do Brasil. Amostras de fígado, obtidas de 44 indivíduos capturados acidentalmente ao largo da costa do Rio Grande do Sul, foram analisadas através de EAA eletrotérmica. Concentrações de cádmio, idade, peso e comprimento totais dos golfinhos analisados variaram entre 39 e 4144 µg.kg-1 (peso úmido), um e cinco anos, 17,5 e 49,2 kg, e entre 105,3 e 156,8 cm, respectivamente. Em relação às concentrações hepáticas de cádmio em franciscanas, não houve diferença significativa entre os dados gerados pelo presente estudo e informação proveniente da literatura, referente ao Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As baixas concentrações de cádmio observadas podem ser atribuídas ao fato de as lulas da Família Loliginidae constituírem a principal presa para franciscanas, dentre os cefalópodes. Este estudo corrobora investigações sobre níveis de cádmio em lulas brasileiras e reforça a hipótese de que cefalópodes loliginídeos não constituem vetores importantes da transferência de cádmio para cetáceos.

Cádmio; Atlântico Sul Ocidental; Brasil; Franciscana; Boto; Cetáceo

ANDRADE, A. L. V.; PINEDO, M. C.; PEREIRA, J. J. As franciscanas do Sul do Brasil, Uruguai e Argentina constituem distintos estoques? In: UNEP/CMS ed. Report of the Third Workshop for Coordinated Research and Conservation of the Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the Southwestern Atlantic Bonn: UNEP/CMS, 2000. p. 104-105. 2000.
AZNAR, F. J. et al. Helminths as biological tags for franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea, Pontoporiidae) in Argentinean and Uruguayan waters. Mammalia, v. 59, n. 3, p. 427-35, 1995.
BIZARRO-CÉSAR, S. Carvão mineral. In: SUMÁRIO MINERAL 1999. Brasília, DF: Ministério de Minas e Energia., Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, 2000. p. 30-31.
BORZONE, C. A.; PEZZUTO, P. R.; MARONE, E.; Oceanographic characteristics of a multi-specific fishing ground of the Central South Brazil Bight. Mar. Ecol., v. 20, n. 2, p. 131-146, 1999.
BOUCHER-RODONI, R.; BOUCAUD-CAMOU, E. Fine structure and absorption of ferritin in the digestive organs of Loligo vulgaris and L. forbesi (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea). J. Morphology, v. 193, p. 173-184, 1987.
BOWLES, D. An overview of the concentrations and effects of metals in cetaceans species. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., v. 1, p. 125-148, 1999. Spec. Iss.
BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Cephalopods as a vector for the transfer of cadmium to top marine predators in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Sci. Total Environ., v. 220, p. 71-80, 1998.
BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 231, p. 167-177, 2002.
BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Trace element bioaccumulation in grey seals Halichoerus grypus from the Faroe Islands. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 267, p. 291-301, 2004.
CRESPO, E. A.; HARRIS, G.; GONZÁLEZ, R. Group size and distributional range of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei Mar. Mammal Sci., v. 14, n. 4, p. 845-9, 1998.
DANILEWICZ, D. et al. Analysis of the age at sexual maturity and reproductive rates of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei ) from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, v. 13, p. 89-98, 2000.
DANILEWICZ, D. et al. Report of the Working Group on Biology and Ecology. Latin Am. J. Aquatic Mammals, v. 1, n. 1, p. 25-42, 2002.
DAS, K. et al. Tuna and dolphin associations in the North-East Atlantic: evidence of different ecological niches from stable isotope and heavy metal measurements. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 40, p. 102-109, 2000.
DAS, K. et al. Heavy metals in marine mammals, In: VOS, J.G. et al (Ed.). Toxicology of marine mammals London: Taylor and Francis, 2003. p. 135-167.
DIETZ, R.; PACYNA, J.; THOMAS, J. D. Heavy metals AMAP Assessment Report-Arctic Pollution Issues. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring Assessment Programme, 1998. p. 373-524.
DIZON, A. E. et al. Rethinking the stock concept: a phylogeographic approach. Cons. Biol., v. 6, p. 24-36, 1992.
DORNELES, P. R. et al. Cephalopods and cetaceans as indicators of offshore bioavailability of cadmium off Central South Brazil Bight. Environ. Pollut., v. 148, p. 352-359, 2007.
EKAU, W.; KNOPPERS, B. A. An introduction to the pelagic system of the East and Northeast Brazilian shelf. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res., v.47, p. 113-132, 1999.
ELINDER, C. G.; JÄRUP, L. Cadmium exposure and health risks: recent findings. Ambio, v. 25, n. 5, p. 370-373, 1996.
GRAY, J. S. Biomagnification in marine Systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 45, p. 46-52, 2002.
JOHNSTON, P. A.; STRINGER, R. L.; SANTILLO, D. Cetaceans and environmental pollution: the global concerns. In: SIMMONDS, M. P.; HUTCHINSON, J. D. (Ed.) The conservation of whales and dolphins Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1996. p. 219-261.
LAHAYE, V. et al. Long-term dietary segregation of common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the Bay of Biscay, determined using cadmium as an ecological tracer. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 305, p. 275-285, 2005.
LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. et al Estudo ecotoxicológico das concentrações de cádmio em tecidos de golfinhos (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE) de hábitos costeiros e oceânicos, de água do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. In: ESPÍNDOLA, E. L. G. et al. (Ed.). Ecotoxicologia: perspectivas para o século XXI. São Carlos, SP: RIMA, 2000. p. 183-197.
LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. et al. Trace metal concentrations in liver and kidney of franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, of the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. LAJAM, v. 1, n. 1, p. 107-114, 2002.
LAW, R. J. Metals in marine mammals. In: BEYER, W. N.; HEINZ, G. H.; REDMON-NORWOOD, A. W. (Ed.) Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissues concentrations. Boca Raton, FLA: CRC Press, 1996. p. 357-376.
MARCOVECCHIO, J. E. et al Tissue distribution of heavy metals in small cetaceans from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 21, p. 299-304, 1990.
MARTIN, J. H.; BROENKOW, W.W. Cadmium in plankton: elevated concentrations off Baja California. Science, v. 190, p. 884-885, 1975.
MARTIN, J. H.; FLEGAL, A. R. High copper concentrations in squid livers in association with elevated levels of silver, cadmium and zinc. Mar. Biol., v. 30, p. 51-55, 1975.
MIRLEAN, N.; ROISENBERG, A. The effect of emissions of fertilizer production on the environment contamination by cadmium and arsenic in southern Brazil. Environ. Pollut., v. 143, n. 2, p. 335-340, 2006.
NRIAGU, J. O. Food contamination with cadmium in the environment. In: NRIAGU, J. O.; SIMMONS, J. O. (Ed.). Food contamination from environmental sources New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990. p. 59-84.
NRIAGU, J. O.; PACYNA, J. M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature (London), v. 333, p. 134-139, 1988.
O'HARA, T. M.; O'SHEA, T. J. Toxicology. In: DIERAUF, L. A.; GULLAND, M. D. (Ed.). Handbook of marine mammal medicine Boca Raton, FLA: CRC Press, 2001. p. 471-520.
PFEIFFER, W. C. et al. Heavy metal pollution in the Paraiba do Sul River, Brazil. Sci. total Environ., v. 58, p. 73-79, 1986.
PINEDO, M. C.; PRADERI, R.; BROWNELL, R. L. Review of the biology and status of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei In: PERRIN, W. F. et al. (Ed.). Biology and conservation of the River Dolphins. Occas. Pap. UUCN. SSSC3, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. p. 46-51. 1989.
RAY, S.; MCLEESE, D. W. Biological cycling of cadmium in marine environment. In: NRIAGU. J. O.; SPRAGUE, J. B. (Ed.). Cadmium in the aquatic environment New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987. p. 199-229.
REDDY, M. L.; DIERAUF, L. A.; GULLAND, F. M. D. Marine mammals as sentinels of the ocean health. In: DIERAUF, A. L.; GULLAND, M. D. (Ed.). Handbook of marine mammal medicine Boca Raton , FLA: CRC Press, 2001. p.3-13.
REIJNDERS, P. J. H. Organohalogen and heavy metal contamination in cetaceans: observed effects, potential impact and future prospects. In: SIMMONDS, M. P.; HUTCHINSON, J. D. (Ed.). The conservation of whales and dolphins Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1996. p. 205-217.
RODRÍGUEZ, D.; RIVERO, L.; BASTIDA, R. Feeding ecology of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) in marine and estuarine waters of Argentina. LAJAM v. 1, n. 1, p. 77-94, 2002.
ROPER, C. F. E.; SWEENEY, M. J.; NAUEN, C. E. Cephalopods of the world. FAO Species Catalogue. v. 3. FAO Fish. Synop., v. 125, n. 3, 227 p, 1984.
SANTOS, R. A.; HAIMOVICI, M. Cephalopods in the diet of marine mammals stranded or incidentally caught along southeastern and southern Brazil (21-34ºS). Fish. Res., v. 52, p. 99-112, 2001.
SECCHI, E. R.; OTT, P. H. The depth factor determining the distribution and abundance of franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, as demonstrated by a CPUE index approach. Taller para la Coordinación de la Investigación y la Conservación de la Franciscana en el Atlántico Sudoccidental, 3. 26-28 November 1997. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Paper DT 118. 1997.
SECCHI, E. R. et al. Population differentiation in the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) from two geographic locations in Brazil as determined from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Can. J. Zool., v. 76, n. 9, p. 1622-1627, 1998.
SECCHI, E. R.; DANILEWICZ, D.; OTT, P. H. Applying the phylogeographic concept to identify franciscana dolphin stocks: implications to meet management objectives. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., v. 5, n. 1, p. 61-68, 2003.
SICILIANO, S. Review of small cetaceans and fishery interactions in coastal waters of Brazil. Rep. int. Whal. Commn, v. 15, p. 241-50, 1994. Special issue.
SILVA, Z. C. C. da. Candiota coalfield - a world-class Brazilian coal deposit. Int. J. Coal Geol., v. 23, p. 103-116, 1993.
YEATS, P. A.; BEWERS, J. M. Evidence for anthropogenic modification of global transport of cadmium, In: NRIAGU, J. O.; SPRAGUE, J. B. (Ed.). Cadmium in the aquatic environment New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987. p. 19-34.
BASSOI, M. Avaliação da dieta de toninhas, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny, 1844), capturadas acidentalmente na pesca costeira de emalhe, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul 1997. 68 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (bacharelado em oceanologia) - Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 1997.
Di BENEDITTO, A. P. M. Ecologia alimentar de Pontoporia blainvillei e Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea) na costa norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2000. Tese (Doutorado em Biociências e Biotecnologia) - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.
LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. Determinação das concentrações de metais-traço (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr e Pb) em tecidos de cetáceos da costa do Brasil. Bachelor Monography. Departamento de Oceanografia, UERJ. 62 p. 1994.
OTT, P. H. Estudo da ecologia alimentar de Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny 1844) (Cetacea, Pontoporiidae) no litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil 1994. 69 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
PINEDO, M. C. Análise dos conteúdos estomacais de Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny, 1844) e Tursiops gephyreus (Lahille, 1908) (Cetacea, Platanistidae e Delphinidae) na zona estuarial e costeira de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil 1982. 95 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Oceanografia Biológica) - Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande.
PINEDO, M. C. Development and variation of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei 1991. 406 f. Thesis (Ph. D.) - University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
06 Nov 2007
Date of issue
Sept 2007

History

Received
07 June 2006
Reviewed
23 Oct 2006
Accepted
23 Mar 2007

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ANDRADE, A. L. V.; PINEDO, M. C.; PEREIRA, J. J. As franciscanas do Sul do Brasil, Uruguai e Argentina constituem distintos estoques? In: UNEP/CMS ed. Report of the Third Workshop for Coordinated Research and Conservation of the Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the Southwestern Atlantic Bonn: UNEP/CMS, 2000. p. 104-105. 2000.

[2] AZNAR, F. J. et al. Helminths as biological tags for franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea, Pontoporiidae) in Argentinean and Uruguayan waters. Mammalia, v. 59, n. 3, p. 427-35, 1995.

[3] BIZARRO-CÉSAR, S. Carvão mineral. In: SUMÁRIO MINERAL 1999. Brasília, DF: Ministério de Minas e Energia., Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, 2000. p. 30-31.

[4] BORZONE, C. A.; PEZZUTO, P. R.; MARONE, E.; Oceanographic characteristics of a multi-specific fishing ground of the Central South Brazil Bight. Mar. Ecol., v. 20, n. 2, p. 131-146, 1999.

[5] BOUCHER-RODONI, R.; BOUCAUD-CAMOU, E. Fine structure and absorption of ferritin in the digestive organs of Loligo vulgaris and L. forbesi (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea). J. Morphology, v. 193, p. 173-184, 1987.

[6] BOWLES, D. An overview of the concentrations and effects of metals in cetaceans species. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., v. 1, p. 125-148, 1999. Spec. Iss.

[7] BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Cephalopods as a vector for the transfer of cadmium to top marine predators in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Sci. Total Environ., v. 220, p. 71-80, 1998.

[8] BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 231, p. 167-177, 2002.

[9] BUSTAMANTE, P. et al. Trace element bioaccumulation in grey seals Halichoerus grypus from the Faroe Islands. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 267, p. 291-301, 2004.

[10] CRESPO, E. A.; HARRIS, G.; GONZÁLEZ, R. Group size and distributional range of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei Mar. Mammal Sci., v. 14, n. 4, p. 845-9, 1998.

[11] DANILEWICZ, D. et al. Analysis of the age at sexual maturity and reproductive rates of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei ) from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. PUCRS, v. 13, p. 89-98, 2000.

[12] DANILEWICZ, D. et al. Report of the Working Group on Biology and Ecology. Latin Am. J. Aquatic Mammals, v. 1, n. 1, p. 25-42, 2002.

[13] DAS, K. et al. Tuna and dolphin associations in the North-East Atlantic: evidence of different ecological niches from stable isotope and heavy metal measurements. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 40, p. 102-109, 2000.

[14] DAS, K. et al. Heavy metals in marine mammals, In: VOS, J.G. et al (Ed.). Toxicology of marine mammals London: Taylor and Francis, 2003. p. 135-167.

[15] DIETZ, R.; PACYNA, J.; THOMAS, J. D. Heavy metals AMAP Assessment Report-Arctic Pollution Issues. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring Assessment Programme, 1998. p. 373-524.

[16] DIZON, A. E. et al. Rethinking the stock concept: a phylogeographic approach. Cons. Biol., v. 6, p. 24-36, 1992.

[17] DORNELES, P. R. et al. Cephalopods and cetaceans as indicators of offshore bioavailability of cadmium off Central South Brazil Bight. Environ. Pollut., v. 148, p. 352-359, 2007.

[18] EKAU, W.; KNOPPERS, B. A. An introduction to the pelagic system of the East and Northeast Brazilian shelf. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res., v.47, p. 113-132, 1999.

[19] ELINDER, C. G.; JÄRUP, L. Cadmium exposure and health risks: recent findings. Ambio, v. 25, n. 5, p. 370-373, 1996.

[20] GRAY, J. S. Biomagnification in marine Systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 45, p. 46-52, 2002.

[21] JOHNSTON, P. A.; STRINGER, R. L.; SANTILLO, D. Cetaceans and environmental pollution: the global concerns. In: SIMMONDS, M. P.; HUTCHINSON, J. D. (Ed.) The conservation of whales and dolphins Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1996. p. 219-261.

[22] LAHAYE, V. et al. Long-term dietary segregation of common dolphins Delphinus delphis in the Bay of Biscay, determined using cadmium as an ecological tracer. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., v. 305, p. 275-285, 2005.

[23] LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. et al Estudo ecotoxicológico das concentrações de cádmio em tecidos de golfinhos (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE) de hábitos costeiros e oceânicos, de água do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. In: ESPÍNDOLA, E. L. G. et al. (Ed.). Ecotoxicologia: perspectivas para o século XXI. São Carlos, SP: RIMA, 2000. p. 183-197.

[24] LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. et al. Trace metal concentrations in liver and kidney of franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, of the North coast of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. LAJAM, v. 1, n. 1, p. 107-114, 2002.

[25] LAW, R. J. Metals in marine mammals. In: BEYER, W. N.; HEINZ, G. H.; REDMON-NORWOOD, A. W. (Ed.) Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissues concentrations. Boca Raton, FLA: CRC Press, 1996. p. 357-376.

[26] MARCOVECCHIO, J. E. et al Tissue distribution of heavy metals in small cetaceans from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 21, p. 299-304, 1990.

[27] MARTIN, J. H.; BROENKOW, W.W. Cadmium in plankton: elevated concentrations off Baja California. Science, v. 190, p. 884-885, 1975.

[28] MARTIN, J. H.; FLEGAL, A. R. High copper concentrations in squid livers in association with elevated levels of silver, cadmium and zinc. Mar. Biol., v. 30, p. 51-55, 1975.

[29] MIRLEAN, N.; ROISENBERG, A. The effect of emissions of fertilizer production on the environment contamination by cadmium and arsenic in southern Brazil. Environ. Pollut., v. 143, n. 2, p. 335-340, 2006.

[30] NRIAGU, J. O. Food contamination with cadmium in the environment. In: NRIAGU, J. O.; SIMMONS, J. O. (Ed.). Food contamination from environmental sources New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1990. p. 59-84.

[31] NRIAGU, J. O.; PACYNA, J. M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature (London), v. 333, p. 134-139, 1988.

[32] O'HARA, T. M.; O'SHEA, T. J. Toxicology. In: DIERAUF, L. A.; GULLAND, M. D. (Ed.). Handbook of marine mammal medicine Boca Raton, FLA: CRC Press, 2001. p. 471-520.

[33] PFEIFFER, W. C. et al. Heavy metal pollution in the Paraiba do Sul River, Brazil. Sci. total Environ., v. 58, p. 73-79, 1986.

[34] PINEDO, M. C.; PRADERI, R.; BROWNELL, R. L. Review of the biology and status of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei In: PERRIN, W. F. et al. (Ed.). Biology and conservation of the River Dolphins. Occas. Pap. UUCN. SSSC3, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. p. 46-51. 1989.

[35] RAY, S.; MCLEESE, D. W. Biological cycling of cadmium in marine environment. In: NRIAGU. J. O.; SPRAGUE, J. B. (Ed.). Cadmium in the aquatic environment New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987. p. 199-229.

[36] REDDY, M. L.; DIERAUF, L. A.; GULLAND, F. M. D. Marine mammals as sentinels of the ocean health. In: DIERAUF, A. L.; GULLAND, M. D. (Ed.). Handbook of marine mammal medicine Boca Raton , FLA: CRC Press, 2001. p.3-13.

[37] REIJNDERS, P. J. H. Organohalogen and heavy metal contamination in cetaceans: observed effects, potential impact and future prospects. In: SIMMONDS, M. P.; HUTCHINSON, J. D. (Ed.). The conservation of whales and dolphins Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1996. p. 205-217.

[38] RODRÍGUEZ, D.; RIVERO, L.; BASTIDA, R. Feeding ecology of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) in marine and estuarine waters of Argentina. LAJAM v. 1, n. 1, p. 77-94, 2002.

[39] ROPER, C. F. E.; SWEENEY, M. J.; NAUEN, C. E. Cephalopods of the world. FAO Species Catalogue. v. 3. FAO Fish. Synop., v. 125, n. 3, 227 p, 1984.

[40] SANTOS, R. A.; HAIMOVICI, M. Cephalopods in the diet of marine mammals stranded or incidentally caught along southeastern and southern Brazil (21-34ºS). Fish. Res., v. 52, p. 99-112, 2001.

[41] SECCHI, E. R.; OTT, P. H. The depth factor determining the distribution and abundance of franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei, as demonstrated by a CPUE index approach. Taller para la Coordinación de la Investigación y la Conservación de la Franciscana en el Atlántico Sudoccidental, 3. 26-28 November 1997. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Paper DT 118. 1997.

[42] SECCHI, E. R. et al. Population differentiation in the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) from two geographic locations in Brazil as determined from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Can. J. Zool., v. 76, n. 9, p. 1622-1627, 1998.

[43] SECCHI, E. R.; DANILEWICZ, D.; OTT, P. H. Applying the phylogeographic concept to identify franciscana dolphin stocks: implications to meet management objectives. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., v. 5, n. 1, p. 61-68, 2003.

[44] SICILIANO, S. Review of small cetaceans and fishery interactions in coastal waters of Brazil. Rep. int. Whal. Commn, v. 15, p. 241-50, 1994. Special issue.

[45] SILVA, Z. C. C. da. Candiota coalfield - a world-class Brazilian coal deposit. Int. J. Coal Geol., v. 23, p. 103-116, 1993.

[46] YEATS, P. A.; BEWERS, J. M. Evidence for anthropogenic modification of global transport of cadmium, In: NRIAGU, J. O.; SPRAGUE, J. B. (Ed.). Cadmium in the aquatic environment New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987. p. 19-34.

[47] BASSOI, M. Avaliação da dieta de toninhas, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny, 1844), capturadas acidentalmente na pesca costeira de emalhe, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul 1997. 68 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (bacharelado em oceanologia) - Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 1997.

[48] Di BENEDITTO, A. P. M. Ecologia alimentar de Pontoporia blainvillei e Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea) na costa norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2000. Tese (Doutorado em Biociências e Biotecnologia) - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

[49] LAILSON-BRITO JR., J. Determinação das concentrações de metais-traço (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr e Pb) em tecidos de cetáceos da costa do Brasil. Bachelor Monography. Departamento de Oceanografia, UERJ. 62 p. 1994.

[50] OTT, P. H. Estudo da ecologia alimentar de Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny 1844) (Cetacea, Pontoporiidae) no litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil 1994. 69 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.

[51] PINEDO, M. C. Análise dos conteúdos estomacais de Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais; D'Orbigny, 1844) e Tursiops gephyreus (Lahille, 1908) (Cetacea, Platanistidae e Delphinidae) na zona estuarial e costeira de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil 1982. 95 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Oceanografia Biológica) - Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande.

[52] PINEDO, M. C. Development and variation of the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei 1991. 406 f. Thesis (Ph. D.) - University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.