Benthic macrofauna structure in the northeast area of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: patterns of spatial and seasonal distribution

Pires-Vanin, Ana Maria S; Muniz, Pablo; De Léo, Fabio Cabrera

Abstracts

Structure of intertidal and subtidal benthic macrofauna in the northeastern region of Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), northeast Brazil, was investigated during a period of two years. Relationships with environmental parameters were studied through uni-and multivariate statistical analyses, and the main distributional patterns shown to be especially related to sediment type and content of organic fractions (Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus), on both temporal and spatial scales. Polychaete annelids accounted for more than 70% of the total fauna and showed low densities, species richness and diversity, except for the area situated on the reef banks. These banks constitute a peculiar environment in relation to the rest of the region by having coarse sediments poor in organic matter and rich in biodetritic carbonates besides an abundant and diverse fauna. The intertidal region and the shallower area nearer to the oil refinery RLAM, with sediments composed mainly of fine sand, seem to constitute an unstable system with few highly dominant species, such as Armandia polyophthalma and Laeonereis acuta. In the other regions of TSB, where muddy bottoms predominated, densities and diversity were low, especially in the stations near the refinery. Here the lowest values of the biological indicators occurred together with the highest organic compound content. In addition, the nearest sites (stations 4 and 7) were sometimes azoic. The adjacent Caboto, considered as a control area at first, presented low density but intermediate values of species diversity, which indicates a less disturbed environment in relation to the pelitic infralittoral in front of the refinery. The results of the ordination analyses evidenced five homogeneous groups of stations (intertidal; reef banks; pelitic infralittoral; mixed sediments; Caboto) with different specific patterns, a fact which seems to be mainly related to granulometry and chemical sediment characteristics.

Benthic ecosystem; Community structure; Macrofauna; Intertidal; Infralitoral; Todos os Santos Bay; Western Atlantic

A estrutura da macrofauna bêntica das regiões entre marés e infralitoral raso na porção nordeste da Baia de Todos os Santos (BTS), nordeste do Brasil, foi investigada durante um período de dois anos. Sua relação com os parâmetros ambientais mensurados foi estudada através de análises estatísticas uni -e multivariadas, sendo os principais padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal relacionados principalmente ao tipo de sedimento e ao conteúdo de três indicadores da matéria orgânica sedimentar (Carbono, Nitrogênio e Fósforo). A macrofauna, composta majoritariamente por anelídeos poliqueta (cerca de 70% do total), apresentou baixa densidade, riqueza de espécies e diversidade, exceto nas estações amostradas nos bancos recifais. Estes se destacam como ambiente peculiar, formado por sedimentos grosseiros, pobres em matéria orgânica e ricos em carbonatos, apresentando fauna abundante e diversificada. A região entre marés e os locais rasos adjacentes à refinaria RLAM são formados por sedimentos compostos principalmente por areia fina e baixo conteúdo orgânico e constituem ambiente instável, com poucas espécies altamente dominantes, como Armandia polyophthalma e Laeonereis acuta. Em outras regiões da BTS, onde dominam os sedimentos pelíticos, densidade e diversidade foram muito baixas, especialmente nas proximidades da refinaria. Aqui, os indicadores biológicos apresentaram seus mais baixos valores, sendo as estações mais próximas (4 e 7) algumas vezes azóicas. A região adjacente de Caboto, inicialmente considerada como controle, apresentou baixa densidade, porém valores médios para diversidade, o que indica ser este ambiente relativamente menos perturbado. Foi possível identificar a existência de 5 grupos com padrões estruturais próprios (entremarés; bancos recifais; infralittoral pelitico; sedimentos mistos; Caboto), que parecem estar relacionados principalmente às características físicas e químicas do sedimento.

Ecossistema bêntico; Estrutura de comunidade; Macrofauna; Entre marés; Infralitoral; Baía de Todos os Santos; Atlântico ocidental

ALONGI, D. M. The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev,v. 28, p. 381-496, 1990.
AMARAL, A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E. H ; SALVADOR, L. B. Poliquetas indicadores de poluição orgânica em praias paulistas. Revta Bras. Biol, v. 58, p. 307-316, 1998.
ASPILA, K. I.; AGEMIAN, A. S.; CHAU, Y. A semiautomatic method for determination of inorganic, organic and total phosphate in sediments. Analyst, v. 101, p. 187-197, 1976.
BARROSO, R.; PAIVA, P. C.; ALVES, O. F. S. Polychaete trophic structure in Todos os Santos Bay (BA-Brazil). Bolm Mus. Nac., Zool, Rio de Janeiro, v. 494, p. 1-11, 2002.
BIGOT, L.; CONAND, C.; AMOUROUX, J M.; FROUIN, P.; BRUGGEMANN, H. ; GRÉMAREC, A. Effects of industrial outfalls on tropical macrobenthic sediment communities in Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean). Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 52, p. 865-880, 2006.
BORJA, A.; MUXICA, I ; FRANCO, J. The application of a marine Biotic Index to different impact sources affecting soft-bottom benthic communities along European coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 47, p. 835-845, 2003.
BOULTON, A. J.; PETERSON, C. G.; GRIMM, N. B.; FISHER, S. G. Stability of an aquatic macroinvertebrate community in a multiyear hydrologic disturbance regime. Ecology, v. 73, p. 2192-2207, 1992.
BUSTOS-BAEZ, S.; FRID, C. Using indicator species to assess the state of macrobenthic communities. Hydrobiology, v. 496, p. 299-309, 2003.
CAO, Y; BARK, A. W.; WILLIAMS, W. P. Effects of sample size on similarity measures in river benthic Aufwuchs macro-invertebrate community analysis. Wat. environ. Res, v. 69, p. 107-114, 1997.
CAO, Y.; WILLIAMS, D. D.; WILLIAMS, N. How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? Limnol. Oceanogr v. 43, p. 1403-1409, 1998.
CAO, Y.; LARSEN, D. P.; THORNE, R. ST-J. Rare Species in Multivariate Analysis for Bioassessment: Some Considerations. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., v. 20, p. 144-153, 2001.
CLARKE, K. R.; AINSWORTH, M. A method of linking multivariate community structure. Austr. J. Ecol, v. 18, p. 117-143, 1993.
CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth: Plymouth Marine Laboratory Ed., 1994. 144 p.
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ELLIOTT, M.; QUINTINO, V. M. The estuarine quality paradox, environmental homeostasis and the difficulty of detecting anthropogenic stress in naturally stressed areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 54, p. 640-645, 2007.
FOLK, R. L.; WARD, W. C. Brazos River bar: a study of the significance of grain size parameters. J. sedim. Petrol, v. 27, n. 1, p. 3-27, 1957
FRESI, E; GAMBI, M. C; FOCARDI, S; BARGAGLI, R; BALDI, F ; FALLIACI, L. Benthic community and sediment types: a structural analysis. Mar. Ecol (P.S.Z.N.I), v. 4, p. 101-121, 1983.
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GRALL, J.; GLÈMAREC, M. Using biotic indices to estimate macrobenthic community perturbations in the Bay of Brest. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 44, p. 43-53, 1997.
GRAY, J. S.; WU, R. S.; OR Y. Y. Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, v. 238, p. 249-279, 2002.
GRASSHOFF, K.; EHRHARDT M.; KREMLING, K. Methods of seawater analysis 2^nd ed.. Weinhein: Verlag Chemie, 1983. 419p.
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MENGE, B.; SUTHERLAND, J. P. Species Diversity Gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. Am. Naturalist, v. 110, n. 973, p. 351-369, 1976.
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
04 May 2011
Date of issue
Mar 2011

History

Received
05 Nov 2009
Accepted
20 July 2010
Reviewed
05 Mar 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALONGI, D. M. The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev,v. 28, p. 381-496, 1990.

[2] AMARAL, A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E. H ; SALVADOR, L. B. Poliquetas indicadores de poluição orgânica em praias paulistas. Revta Bras. Biol, v. 58, p. 307-316, 1998.

[3] ASPILA, K. I.; AGEMIAN, A. S.; CHAU, Y. A semiautomatic method for determination of inorganic, organic and total phosphate in sediments. Analyst, v. 101, p. 187-197, 1976.

[4] BARROSO, R.; PAIVA, P. C.; ALVES, O. F. S. Polychaete trophic structure in Todos os Santos Bay (BA-Brazil). Bolm Mus. Nac., Zool, Rio de Janeiro, v. 494, p. 1-11, 2002.

[5] BIGOT, L.; CONAND, C.; AMOUROUX, J M.; FROUIN, P.; BRUGGEMANN, H. ; GRÉMAREC, A. Effects of industrial outfalls on tropical macrobenthic sediment communities in Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean). Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 52, p. 865-880, 2006.

[6] BORJA, A.; MUXICA, I ; FRANCO, J. The application of a marine Biotic Index to different impact sources affecting soft-bottom benthic communities along European coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 47, p. 835-845, 2003.

[7] BOULTON, A. J.; PETERSON, C. G.; GRIMM, N. B.; FISHER, S. G. Stability of an aquatic macroinvertebrate community in a multiyear hydrologic disturbance regime. Ecology, v. 73, p. 2192-2207, 1992.

[8] BUSTOS-BAEZ, S.; FRID, C. Using indicator species to assess the state of macrobenthic communities. Hydrobiology, v. 496, p. 299-309, 2003.

[9] CAO, Y; BARK, A. W.; WILLIAMS, W. P. Effects of sample size on similarity measures in river benthic Aufwuchs macro-invertebrate community analysis. Wat. environ. Res, v. 69, p. 107-114, 1997.

[10] CAO, Y.; WILLIAMS, D. D.; WILLIAMS, N. How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? Limnol. Oceanogr v. 43, p. 1403-1409, 1998.

[11] CAO, Y.; LARSEN, D. P.; THORNE, R. ST-J. Rare Species in Multivariate Analysis for Bioassessment: Some Considerations. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., v. 20, p. 144-153, 2001.

[12] CLARKE, K. R.; AINSWORTH, M. A method of linking multivariate community structure. Austr. J. Ecol, v. 18, p. 117-143, 1993.

[13] CLARKE, K. R.; WARWICK, R. M. Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth: Plymouth Marine Laboratory Ed., 1994. 144 p.

[14] DAUER, D. M. Biological criteria, environmental health and estuarine macrobenthic community structure. Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 26, p. 249-257, 1993.

[15] ELLIOTT, M.; QUINTINO, V. M. The estuarine quality paradox, environmental homeostasis and the difficulty of detecting anthropogenic stress in naturally stressed areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull., v. 54, p. 640-645, 2007.

[16] FOLK, R. L.; WARD, W. C. Brazos River bar: a study of the significance of grain size parameters. J. sedim. Petrol, v. 27, n. 1, p. 3-27, 1957

[17] FRESI, E; GAMBI, M. C; FOCARDI, S; BARGAGLI, R; BALDI, F ; FALLIACI, L. Benthic community and sediment types: a structural analysis. Mar. Ecol (P.S.Z.N.I), v. 4, p. 101-121, 1983.

[18] FURTADO, V. V. Geologia. In: Programa de monitoramento ambiental do ecossistema estuarino na área de influência da Refinaria Landulpho Alves. IOUSP/PETROBRAS/ CENPES, 2005. p. 575-598.

[19] GRALL, J.; GLÈMAREC, M. Using biotic indices to estimate macrobenthic community perturbations in the Bay of Brest. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, v. 44, p. 43-53, 1997.

[20] GRAY, J. S.; WU, R. S.; OR Y. Y. Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, v. 238, p. 249-279, 2002.

[21] GRASSHOFF, K.; EHRHARDT M.; KREMLING, K. Methods of seawater analysis 2^nd ed.. Weinhein: Verlag Chemie, 1983. 419p.

[22] GROSS, M. G. Carbon Determination. In: CARVER. R.E. (Ed). Procedures in sedimentary Petrology. New York: WILEY - INTERSCIENCE, 1971. p. 573-596.

[23] HATCHER, B. G. The role of detritus in the metabolism and secondary production of coral reef ecosystems. In: BAKER, J. T. et al. (ed.). INAUGURAL GREAT BARRIER REEF CONFERENCE, Townsville, 28 Aug-2 Sep 1983. Proceedings ...Townsville: JCU Press. p. 317-324, 1983.

[24] HATJE, V.; ANDRADE, J. B. (Org.). Baía de Todos os Santos. Aspectos Oceanográficos Salvador: EDUFBA, 2009. 304 p.

[25] JEWEET, S. C.; DEAN, T.; SMITH, R. O.; BLANCHARD, A. Exxon Valdez' oil spill: impacts and recovery in the soft-bottom benthic community in and adjacent to eelgrass beds. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, v. 185, p. 59-83, 1999.

[26] KRUSKAL, J. B.; WISH, M. Multidimensional scaling Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978. 93 p.

[27] LESSA, G. C.; CIRANO, M.; GENZ, F.; TANAJURA, C. A. S; SILVA, R. R. Oceanografia Física. In: HATJE, V.; ANDRADE, J. B. (Org.). Baía de Todos os Santos. Aspectos Oceanográficos EDUFBA, 2009. p. 71-119.

[28] LEVIN L. A.; BOESCH D. F.; COVICH A. et al. The function of marine critical transition zones and the importance of sediment biodiversity. Ecosystems, v. 4, p. 430-51, 2001.

[29] MÉNDEZ, N.; FLOS, J.; ROMERO, J. Littoral soft-bottom polychaete communities in a pollution gradient in front of Barcelona (western Mediterranean, Spain). Bull. mar. Sci, v. 63, p. 167-178, 1998.

[30] MENGE, B.; SUTHERLAND, J. P. Species Diversity Gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. Am. Naturalist, v. 110, n. 973, p. 351-369, 1976.

[31] MIRZA, F. B.; GRAY, J. S. The fauna of benthic sediments from the organically enriched Oslofjord, Norway. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, v. 54, p. 181-207, 1981.

[32] MUNIZ, P.; PIRES, A. M. S. Trophic structure of polychaetes in the São Sebastião Channel (Southeastern Brazil). Mar. Biol, v. 134, p. 517-534, 1999.

[33] MUNIZ, P.; PIRES, A. M. S. Polychaete associations in a subtropical environment (São Sebastião Channel, Brazil): a structural analysis. Mar. Ecol (P. S. Z. N. I), v. 21, p. 145-160, 2000.

[34] MUNIZ, P.; PIRES-VANIN, A. M. S. More about taxonomic sufficiency: a case study using polychaete communities in a subtropical bay moderately affected by urban sewage. Ocean Sci. J, v. 40, p. 127-143, 2005.

[35] NICOLAIDOU, A.; ZENETOS, A.; PANCUCCI, M. A.; SIMBOURA, S. Comparing ecological effects of two different types of pollution using multivariate techniques. Mar. Ecol, v.14, n. 2, p. 113 -128, 1993.

[36] PEARSON, T. H ; ROSENBERG, R. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev, v. 16, p. 229-331, 1978.

[37] PESO-AGUIAR, M. C.; SMITH, D. H.; ASSIS, R. C.; F.; SANTA-ISABEL, L. M.; PEIXINHO, S.; GOUVEIA, E. P.; ALMEIDA, T. C. A.; ANDRADE, W. S.; CARQUEIJA, C. R..G.; KELMO, F.; CAROZO, G.; RODRÍGUEZ, C. V.; CARVALHO, G. C.; JESÚS, A. C. S. Effects of petroleum and its derivatives in benthic communities at Baía de Todos os Santos/Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Aquat. Ecos. Hlth Mgmt, v. 3, p. 459-470, 2000.

[38] PETTI, M.A.V ; NONATO, E. F. Temporal variation of Polychaetes from Picinguaba and Ubatumirim bights (Southeastern Brazil). Bull. mar. Sci, v. 67, p. 127-136, 2000.

[39] PIRES, A. M. S. Structure and dynamics of benthic megafauna on the continental shelf offshore of Ubatuba, southeastern Brazil. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser,v. 86,p. 63-76, 1992.

[40] PORTE, C.; BARCELÓ, D.; TAVARES, T. M.; ROCHA, V.; ALBAIGÉS, J. The use of the mussel watch and molecular marker concepts in studies of hydrocarbons in a tropical bay (Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brazil). Archs environ. Contamin. Toxicol, v.19, p. 263-274, 1990.

[41] RIDDLE, M. J. Patterns in the distribution of macrofaunal communities in coral reef sediments on the central Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, v. 47, p. 281-292, 1988.

[42] RUTTENBERG, K.; GOÑI, M. A. Phosphorus distribution, C: N: P ratios, and δ13Coc in arctic, temperate and tropical coastal sediments: tools for characterizing bulk sedimentary organic matter. Mar. Geol., v. 139, p. 123-145, 1997.

[43] SILVA, A. M. B. S.; TAVARES, T. M.; LANDIM, H. B. Determination of mercury in intertidal bivalves along the coast of Todos os Santos Bay. Ciênc. Cult, S. Paulo, Supl 33, p. 519, 1981.

[44] SILVEIRA, I. C. A.; MIRANDA, L.B. Oceanografia Física. In: Programa de Monitoramento Ambiental do Ecossistema Estuarino na Área de Influência da Refinaria Landulpho Alves. IOUSP/PETROBRAS/CENPES, 2005. p. 54-153.

[45] SOUZA, S. P.; TAVARES, T. BRANDÃO, A. M. Distribution of lead, cadmium and zinc in sediments of the Subaé river estuary, Bahia. Ciênc. Cult, S. Paulo, Supl 30, p. 406, 1978.

[46] STARK, J.S. Effects of copper on macrobenthic assemblages in soft-sediments: a laboratory experimental study. Ecotoxicology, v. 7, p. 161-173, 1998.

[47] SUGUIO K. Introdução à sedimentologia São Paulo: Edgar Blucher. 1973. 317 p.

[48] TAVAREZ, T. M.; ROCH, V. C.; PORTE, C.; BARCELÓ, D ; ALBAIGÉS, J. Application of the mussel watch concept in studies of hydrocarbons, PCBs and DDT in the Brazilian Bay of Todos os Santos (Bahia). Mar. Pollut. Bull, v. 19, p. 575-578, 1998.

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